An example of a web server written with Node which responds with 'Hello World':
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
response.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(8124);
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8124/');To run the server, put the code into a file called example.js and execute
it with the node program
> node example.js
Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8124/All of the examples in the documentation can be run similarly.
Node comes with a number of modules that are compiled in to the process,
most of which are documented below. The most common way to use these modules
is with require('name') and then assigning the return value to a local
variable with the same name as the module.
Example:
var sys = require('sys');It is possible to extend node with other modules. See 'Modules'
Pure Javascript is Unicode friendly but not nice to binary data. When dealing with TCP streams or the file system, it's necessary to handle octet streams. Node has several strategies for manipulating, creating, and consuming octet streams.
Raw data is stored in instances of the Buffer class. A Buffer is similar
to an array of integers but corresponds to a raw memory allocation outside
the V8 heap. A Buffer cannot be resized.
The Buffer object is global.
Converting between Buffers and JavaScript string objects requires an explicit encoding method. Here are the different string encodings;
'ascii' - for 7 bit ASCII data only. This encoding method is very fast, and will
strip the high bit if set.
'utf8' - Unicode characters. Many web pages and other document formats use UTF-8.
'base64' - Base64 string encoding.
'binary' - A way of encoding raw binary data into strings by using only
the first 8 bits of each character. This encoding method is depreciated and
should be avoided in favor of Buffer objects where possible. This encoding
will be removed in future versions of Node.
Allocates a new buffer of size octets.
Allocates a new buffer using an array of octets.
Allocates a new buffer containing the given str.
Writes string to the buffer at offset using the given encoding. Returns
number of octets written. If buffer did not contain enough space to fit
the entire string it will write a partial amount of the string. In the case
of 'utf8' encoding, the method will not write partial characters.
Example: write a utf8 string into a buffer, then print it
buf = new Buffer(256);
len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);
console.log(len + " bytes: " + buf.toString('utf8', 0, len));
// 12 bytes: ½ + ¼ = ¾Decodes and returns a string from buffer data encoded with encoding
beginning at start and ending at end.
See buffer.write() example, above.
Get and set the octet at index. The values refer to individual bytes,
so the legal range is between 0x00 and 0xFF hex or 0 and 255.
Example: copy an ASCII string into a buffer, one byte at a time:
str = "node.js";
buf = new Buffer(str.length);
for (var i = 0; i < str.length ; i++) {
buf[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
}
console.log(buf);
// node.jsGives the actual byte length of a string. This is not the same as
String.prototype.length since that returns the number of characters in a
string.
Example:
str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';
console.log(str + ": " + str.length + " characters, " +
Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8') + " bytes");
// ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytesThe size of the buffer in bytes. Note that this is not necessarily the size
of the contents. length refers to the amount of memory allocated for the
buffer object. It does not change when the contents of the buffer are changed.
buf = new Buffer(1234);
console.log(buf.length);
buf.write("some string", "ascii", 0);
console.log(buf.length);
// 1234
// 1234Does a memcpy() between buffers.
Example: build two Buffers, then copy buf1 from byte 16 through byte 19
into buf2, starting at the 8th byte in buf2.
buf1 = new Buffer(26);
buf2 = new Buffer(26);
for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
buf1[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
buf2[i] = 33; // ASCII !
}
buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));
// !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!Returns a new buffer which references the
same memory as the old, but offset and cropped by the start and end
indexes.
Modifying the new buffer slice will modify memory in the original buffer!
Example: build a Buffer with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, then modify one byte from the original Buffer.
var buf1 = new Buffer(26);
for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
buf1[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
}
var buf2 = buf1.slice(0, 3);
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
buf1[0] = 33;
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// abc
// !bcMany objects in Node emit events: a TCP server emits an event each time
there is a stream, a child process emits an event when it exits. All
objects which emit events are instances of events.EventEmitter.
Events are represented by a camel-cased string. Here are some examples:
'stream', 'data', 'messageBegin'.
Functions can be then be attached to objects, to be executed when an event is emitted. These functions are called listeners.
require('events').EventEmitter to access the EventEmitter class.
All EventEmitters emit the event 'newListener' when new listeners are
added.
When an EventEmitter experiences an error, the typical action is to emit an
'error' event. Error events are special--if there is no handler for them
they will print a stack trace and exit the program.
function (event, listener) { }
This event is emitted any time someone adds a new listener.
function (exception) { }
If an error was encountered, then this event is emitted. This event is special - when there are no listeners to receive the error Node will terminate execution and display the exception's stack trace.
Adds a listener to the end of the listeners array for the specified event.
server.on('stream', function (stream) {
console.log('someone connected!');
});Remove a listener from the listener array for the specified event. Caution: changes array indices in the listener array behind the listener.
var callback = function(stream) {
console.log('someone connected!');
};
server.on('stream', callback);
// ...
server.removeListener('stream', callback);Removes all listeners from the listener array for the specified event.
Returns an array of listeners for the specified event. This array can be manipulated, e.g. to remove listeners.
server.on('stream', function (stream) {
console.log('someone connected!');
});
console.log(sys.inspect(server.listeners('stream'));
// [ [Function] ]Execute each of the listeners in order with the supplied arguments.
A stream is an abstract interface implemented by various objects in Node.
For example a request to an HTTP server is a stream, as is stdout. Streams
are readable, writable, or both. All streams are instances of EventEmitter.
A Readable Stream has the following methods, members, and events.
function (data) { }
The 'data' event emits either a Buffer (by default) or a string if
setEncoding() was used.
function () { }
Emitted when the stream has received an EOF (FIN in TCP terminology).
Indicates that no more 'data' events will happen. If the stream is also
writable, it may be possible to continue writing.
function (exception) { }
Emitted if there was an error receiving data.
function () { }
Emitted when the underlying file descriptor has be closed. Not all streams
will emit this. (For example, an incoming HTTP request will not emit
'close'.)
function (fd) { }
Emitted when a file descriptor is received on the stream. Only UNIX streams support this functionality; all others will simply never emit this event.
A boolean that is true by default, but turns false after an 'error'
occured, the stream came to an 'end', or destroy() was called.
Makes the data event emit a string instead of a Buffer. encoding can be
'utf8', 'ascii', or 'base64'.
Pauses the incoming 'data' events.
Resumes the incoming 'data' events after a pause().
Closes the underlying file descriptor. Stream will not emit any more events.
A Writable Stream has the following methods, members, and events.
function () { }
Emitted after a write() method was called that returned false to
indicate that it is safe to write again.
function (exception) { }
Emitted on error with the exception exception.
function () { }
Emitted when the underlying file descriptor has been closed.
A boolean that is true by default, but turns false after an 'error'
occurred or end() / destroy() was called.
Writes string with the given encoding to the stream. Returns true if
the string has been flushed to the kernel buffer. Returns false to
indicate that the kernel buffer is full, and the data will be sent out in
the future. The 'drain' event will indicate when the kernel buffer is
empty again. The encoding defaults to 'utf8'.
If the optional fd parameter is specified, it is interpreted as an integral
file descriptor to be sent over the stream. This is only supported for UNIX
streams, and is silently ignored otherwise. When writing a file descriptor in
this manner, closing the descriptor before the stream drains risks sending an
invalid (closed) FD.
Same as the above except with a raw buffer.
Terminates the stream with EOF or FIN.
Sends string with the given encoding and terminates the stream with EOF
or FIN. This is useful to reduce the number of packets sent.
Same as above but with a buffer.
Closes the underlying file descriptor. Stream will not emit any more events.
These object are available in the global scope and can be accessed from anywhere.
The global namespace object.
The process object. See the 'process object' section.
To require modules. See the 'Modules' section.
An array of search paths for require(). This array can be modified to add custom paths.
Example: add a new path to the beginning of the search list
require.paths.unshift('/usr/local/node');
console.log(require.paths);
// /usr/local/node,/Users/mjr/.node_librariesThe filename of the script being executed. This is the absolute path, and not necessarily the same filename passed in as a command line argument.
Example: running node example.js from /Users/mjr
console.log(__filename);
// /Users/mjr/example.jsThe dirname of the script being executed.
Example: running node example.js from /Users/mjr
console.log(__dirname);
// /Users/mjrA reference to the current module (of type process.Module). In particular
module.exports is the same as the exports object. See src/process.js
for more information.
The process object is a global object and can be accessed from anywhere.
It is an instance of EventEmitter.
function () {}
Emitted when the process is about to exit. This is a good hook to perform constant time checks of the module's state (like for unit tests). The main event loop will no longer be run after the 'exit' callback finishes, so timers may not be scheduled.
Example of listening for exit:
process.on('exit', function () {
process.nextTick(function () {
console.log('This will not run');
});
console.log('About to exit.');
});function (err) { }
Emitted when an exception bubbles all the way back to the event loop. If a listener is added for this exception, the default action (which is to print a stack trace and exit) will not occur.
Example of listening for uncaughtException:
process.on('uncaughtException', function (err) {
console.log('Caught exception: ' + err);
});
setTimeout(function () {
console.log('This will still run.');
}, 500);
// Intentionally cause an exception, but don't catch it.
nonexistentFunc();
console.log('This will not run.');Note that uncaughtException is a very crude mechanism for exception
handling. Using try / catch in your program will give you more control over
your program's flow. Especially for server programs that are designed to
stay running forever, uncaughtException can be a useful safety mechanism.
function () {}
Emitted when the processes receives a signal. See sigaction(2) for a list of standard POSIX signal names such as SIGINT, SIGUSR1, etc.
Example of listening for SIGINT:
var stdin = process.openStdin();
process.on('SIGINT', function () {
console.log('Got SIGINT. Press Control-D to exit.');
});An easy way to send the SIGINT signal is with Control-C in most terminal
programs.
A Writable Stream to stdout.
Example: the definition of console.log
console.log = function (d) {
process.stdout.write(d + '\n');
};Opens the standard input stream, returns a Readable Stream.
Example of opening standard input and listening for both events:
var stdin = process.openStdin();
stdin.setEncoding('utf8');
stdin.on('data', function (chunk) {
process.stdout.write('data: ' + chunk);
});
stdin.on('end', function () {
process.stdout.write('end');
});An array containing the command line arguments. The first element will be 'node', the second element will be the name of the JavaScript file. The next elements will be any additional command line arguments.
// print process.argv
process.argv.forEach(function (val, index, array) {
console.log(index + ': ' + val);
});This will generate:
$ node process-2.js one two=three four
0: node
1: /Users/mjr/work/node/process-2.js
2: one
3: two=three
4: fourThis is the absolute pathname of the executable that started the process.
Example:
/usr/local/bin/nodeChanges the current working directory of the process or throws an exception if that fails.
console.log('Starting directory: ' + process.cwd());
try {
process.chdir('/tmp');
console.log('New directory: ' + process.cwd());
}
catch (err) {
console.log('chdir: ' + err);
}Similar to eval except that you can specify a filename for better
error reporting and the code cannot see the local scope. The value of filename
will be used as a filename if a stack trace is generated by the compiled code.
Example of using process.compile and eval to run the same code:
var localVar = 123,
compiled, evaled;
compiled = process.compile('localVar = 1;', 'myfile.js');
console.log('localVar: ' + localVar + ', compiled: ' + compiled);
evaled = eval('localVar = 1;');
console.log('localVar: ' + localVar + ', evaled: ' + evaled);
// localVar: 123, compiled: 1
// localVar: 1, evaled: 1process.compile does not have access to the local scope, so localVar is unchanged.
eval does have access to the local scope, so localVar is changed.
In case of syntax error in code, process.compile exits node.
See also: Script
Returns the current working directory of the process.
console.log('Current directory: ' + process.cwd());An object containing the user environment. See environ(7).
Ends the process with the specified code. If omitted, exit uses the
'success' code 0.
To exit with a 'failure' code:
process.exit(1);The shell that executed node should see the exit code as 1.
Gets the group identity of the process. (See getgid(2).) This is the numerical group id, not the group name.
console.log('Current gid: ' + process.getgid());Sets the group identity of the process. (See setgid(2).) This accepts either a numerical ID or a groupname string. If a groupname is specified, this method blocks while resolving it to a numerical ID.
console.log('Current gid: ' + process.getgid());
try {
process.setgid(501);
console.log('New gid: ' + process.getgid());
}
catch (err) {
console.log('Failed to set gid: ' + err);
}Gets the user identity of the process. (See getuid(2).) This is the numerical userid, not the username.
console.log('Current uid: ' + process.getuid());Sets the user identity of the process. (See setuid(2).) This accepts either a numerical ID or a username string. If a username is specified, this method blocks while resolving it to a numerical ID.
console.log('Current uid: ' + process.getuid());
try {
process.setuid(501);
console.log('New uid: ' + process.getuid());
}
catch (err) {
console.log('Failed to set uid: ' + err);
}A compiled-in property that exposes NODE_VERSION.
console.log('Version: ' + process.version);A compiled-in property that exposes NODE_PREFIX.
console.log('Prefix: ' + process.installPrefix);Send a signal to a process. pid is the process id and signal is the
string describing the signal to send. Signal names are strings like
'SIGINT' or 'SIGUSR1'. If omitted, the signal will be 'SIGINT'.
See kill(2) for more information.
Note that just because the name of this function is process.kill, it is
really just a signal sender, like the kill system call. The signal sent
may do something other than kill the target process.
Example of sending a signal to yourself:
process.on('SIGHUP', function () {
console.log('Got SIGHUP signal.');
});
setTimeout(function () {
console.log('Exiting.');
process.exit(0);
}, 100);
process.kill(process.pid, 'SIGHUP');The PID of the process.
console.log('This process is pid ' + process.pid);Getter/setter to set what is displayed in 'ps'.
What platform you're running on. 'linux2', 'darwin', etc.
console.log('This platform is ' + process.platform);Returns an object describing the memory usage of the Node process.
var sys = require('sys');
console.log(sys.inspect(process.memoryUsage()));This will generate:
{ rss: 4935680
, vsize: 41893888
, heapTotal: 1826816
, heapUsed: 650472
}heapTotal and heapUsed refer to V8's memory usage.
On the next loop around the event loop call this callback.
This is not a simple alias to setTimeout(fn, 0), it's much more
efficient.
process.nextTick(function () {
console.log('nextTick callback');
});Sets or reads the process's file mode creation mask. Child processes inherit
the mask from the parent process. Returns the old mask if mask argument is
given, otherwise returns the current mask.
var oldmask, newmask = 0644;
oldmask = process.umask(newmask);
console.log('Changed umask from: ' + oldmask.toString(8) +
' to ' + newmask.toString(8));These functions are in the module 'sys'. Use require('sys') to access
them.
Like console.log() but without the trailing newline.
require('sys').print('String with no newline');A synchronous output function. Will block the process and
output string immediately to stderr.
require('sys').debug('message on stderr');Output with timestamp on stdout.
require('sys').log('Timestmaped message.');Return a string representation of object, which is useful for debugging.
If showHidden is true, then the object's non-enumerable properties will be
shown too.
If depth is provided, it tells inspect how many times to recurse while
formatting the object. This is useful for inspecting large complicated objects.
The default is to only recurse twice. To make it recurse indefinitely, pass
in null for depth.
Example of inspecting all properties of the sys object:
var sys = require('sys');
console.log(sys.inspect(sys, true, null));Experimental
Read the data from readableStream and send it to the writableStream.
When writeableStream.write(data) returns false readableStream will be
paused until the drain event occurs on the writableStream. callback gets
an error as its only argument and is called when writableStream is closed or
when an error occurs.
To schedule execution of callback after delay milliseconds. Returns a
timeoutId for possible use with clearTimeout(). Optionally, you can
also pass arguments to the callback.
Prevents a timeout from triggering.
To schedule the repeated execution of callback every delay milliseconds.
Returns a intervalId for possible use with clearInterval(). Optionally,
you can also pass arguments to the callback.
Stops a interval from triggering.
Node provides a tri-directional popen(3) facility through the ChildProcess
class.
It is possible to stream data through the child's stdin, stdout, and
stderr in a fully non-blocking way.
To create a child process use require('child_process').spawn().
Child processes always have three streams associated with them. child.stdin,
child.stdout, and child.stderr.
ChildProcess is an EventEmitter.
function (code, signal) {}
This event is emitted after the child process ends. If the process terminated
normally, code is the final exit code of the process, otherwise null. If
the process terminated due to receipt of a signal, signal is the string name
of the signal, otherwise null.
See waitpid(2).
A Writable Stream that represents the child process's stdin.
Closing this stream via end() often causes the child process to terminate.
A Readable Stream that represents the child process's stdout.
A Readable Stream that represents the child process's stderr.
The PID of the child process.
Example:
var spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
grep = spawn('grep', ['ssh']);
console.log('Spawned child pid: ' + grep.pid);
grep.stdin.end();Launches a new process with the given command, with command line arguments in args.
If omitted, args defaults to an empty Array.
The third argument is used to specify additional options, which defaults to:
{ cwd: undefined
, env: process.env,
, customFds: [-1, -1, -1]
}cwd allows you to specify the working directory from which the process is spawned.
Use env to specify environment variables that will be visible to the new process.
With customFds it is possible to hook up the new process' [stdin, stout, stderr] to
existing streams; -1 means that a new stream should be created.
Example of running ls -lh /usr, capturing stdout, stderr, and the exit code:
var sys = require('sys'),
spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
ls = spawn('ls', ['-lh', '/usr']);
ls.stdout.on('data', function (data) {
sys.print('stdout: ' + data);
});
ls.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
sys.print('stderr: ' + data);
});
ls.on('exit', function (code) {
console.log('child process exited with code ' + code);
});Example: A very elaborate way to run 'ps ax | grep ssh'
var sys = require('sys'),
spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
ps = spawn('ps', ['ax']),
grep = spawn('grep', ['ssh']);
ps.stdout.on('data', function (data) {
grep.stdin.write(data);
});
ps.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
sys.print('ps stderr: ' + data);
});
ps.on('exit', function (code) {
if (code !== 0) {
console.log('ps process exited with code ' + code);
}
grep.stdin.end();
});
grep.stdout.on('data', function (data) {
sys.print(data);
});
grep.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
sys.print('grep stderr: ' + data);
});
grep.on('exit', function (code) {
if (code !== 0) {
console.log('grep process exited with code ' + code);
}
});Example of checking for failed exec:
var spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
child = spawn('bad_command');
child.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
if (/^execvp\(\)/.test(data.asciiSlice(0,data.length))) {
console.log('Failed to start child process.');
}
});See also: child_process.exec()
High-level way to execute a command as a child process, buffer the output, and return it all in a callback.
var sys = require('sys'),
exec = require('child_process').exec,
child;
child = exec('cat *.js bad_file | wc -l',
function (error, stdout, stderr) {
sys.print('stdout: ' + stdout);
sys.print('stderr: ' + stderr);
if (error !== null) {
console.log('exec error: ' + error);
}
});The callback gets the arguments (error, stdout, stderr). On success, error
will be null. On error, error will be an instance of Error and err.code
will be the exit code of the child process, and err.signal will be set to the
signal that terminated the process.
There is a second optional argument to specify several options. The default options are
{ encoding: 'utf8'
, timeout: 0
, maxBuffer: 200*1024
, killSignal: 'SIGTERM'
, cwd: null
, env: null
}If timeout is greater than 0, then it will kill the child process
if it runs longer than timeout milliseconds. The child process is killed with
killSignal (default: 'SIGTERM'). maxBuffer specifies the largest
amount of data allowed on stdout or stderr - if this value is exceeded then
the child process is killed.
Send a signal to the child process. If no argument is given, the process will
be sent 'SIGTERM'. See signal(7) for a list of available signals.
var spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
grep = spawn('grep', ['ssh']);
grep.on('exit', function (code, signal) {
console.log('child process terminated due to receipt of signal '+signal);
});
// send SIGHUP to process
grep.kill('SIGHUP');Note that while the function is called kill, the signal delivered to the child
process may not actually kill it. kill really just sends a signal to a process.
See kill(2)
Script class compiles and runs JavaScript code. You can access this class with:
var Script = process.binding('evals').Script;New JavaScript code can be compiled and run immediately or compiled, saved, and run later.
Similar to process.compile. Script.runInThisContext compiles code as if it were loaded from filename,
runs it and returns the result. Running code does not have access to local scope. filename is optional.
Example of using Script.runInThisContext and eval to run the same code:
var localVar = 123,
usingscript, evaled,
Script = process.binding('evals').Script;
usingscript = Script.runInThisContext('localVar = 1;',
'myfile.js');
console.log('localVar: ' + localVar + ', usingscript: ' +
usingscript);
evaled = eval('localVar = 1;');
console.log('localVar: ' + localVar + ', evaled: ' +
evaled);
// localVar: 123, usingscript: 1
// localVar: 1, evaled: 1Script.runInThisContext does not have access to the local scope, so localVar is unchanged.
eval does have access to the local scope, so localVar is changed.
In case of syntax error in code, Script.runInThisContext emits the syntax error to stderr
and throws.an exception.
Script.runInNewContext compiles code to run in sandbox as if it were loaded from filename,
then runs it and returns the result. Running code does not have access to local scope and
the object sandbox will be used as the global object for code.
sandbox and filename are optional.
Example: compile and execute code that increments a global variable and sets a new one. These globals are contained in the sandbox.
var sys = require('sys'),
Script = process.binding('evals').Script,
sandbox = {
animal: 'cat',
count: 2
};
Script.runInNewContext(
'count += 1; name = "kitty"', sandbox, 'myfile.js');
console.log(sys.inspect(sandbox));
// { animal: 'cat', count: 3, name: 'kitty' }Note that running untrusted code is a tricky business requiring great care. To prevent accidental
global variable leakage, Script.runInNewContext is quite useful, but safely running untrusted code
requires a separate process.
In case of syntax error in code, Script.runInThisContext emits the syntax error to stderr
and throws an exception.
new Script compiles code as if it were loaded from filename,
but does not run it. Instead, it returns a Script object representing this compiled code.
This script can be run later many times using methods below.
The returned script is not bound to any global object.
It is bound before each run, just for that run. filename is optional.
In case of syntax error in code, new Script emits the syntax error to stderr
and throws an exception.
Similar to Script.runInThisContext (note capital 'S'), but now being a method of a precompiled Script object.
script.runInThisContext runs the code of script and returns the result.
Running code does not have access to local scope, but does have access to the global object
(v8: in actual context).
Example of using script.runInThisContext to compile code once and run it multiple times:
var Script = process.binding('evals').Script,
scriptObj, i;
globalVar = 0;
scriptObj = new Script('globalVar += 1', 'myfile.js');
for (i = 0; i < 1000 ; i += 1) {
scriptObj.runInThisContext();
}
console.log(globalVar);
// 1000Similar to Script.runInNewContext (note capital 'S'), but now being a method of a precompiled Script object.
script.runInNewContext runs the code of script with sandbox as the global object and returns the result.
Running code does not have access to local scope. sandbox is optional.
Example: compile code that increments a global variable and sets one, then execute this code multiple times. These globals are contained in the sandbox.
var sys = require('sys'),
Script = process.binding('evals').Script,
scriptObj, i,
sandbox = {
animal: 'cat',
count: 2
};
scriptObj = new Script(
'count += 1; name = "kitty"', 'myfile.js');
for (i = 0; i < 10 ; i += 1) {
scriptObj.runInNewContext(sandbox);
}
console.log(sys.inspect(sandbox));
// { animal: 'cat', count: 12, name: 'kitty' }Note that running untrusted code is a tricky business requiring great care. To prevent accidental
global variable leakage, script.runInNewContext is quite useful, but safely running untrusted code
requires a separate process.
File I/O is provided by simple wrappers around standard POSIX functions. To
use this module do require('fs'). All the methods have asynchronous and
synchronous forms.
The asynchronous form always take a completion callback as its last argument.
The arguments passed to the completion callback depend on the method, but the
first argument is always reserved for an exception. If the operation was
completed successfully, then the first argument will be null or undefined.
Here is an example of the asynchronous version:
var fs = require('fs');
fs.unlink('/tmp/hello', function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('successfully deleted /tmp/hello');
});Here is the synchronous version:
var fs = require('fs');
fs.unlinkSync('/tmp/hello')
console.log('successfully deleted /tmp/hello');With the asynchronous methods there is no guaranteed ordering. So the following is prone to error:
fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('renamed complete');
});
fs.stat('/tmp/world', function (err, stats) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('stats: ' + JSON.stringify(stats));
});It could be that fs.stat is executed before fs.rename.
The correct way to do this is to chain the callbacks.
fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
fs.stat('/tmp/world', function (err, stats) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('stats: ' + JSON.stringify(stats));
});
});In busy processes, the programmer is strongly encouraged to use the asynchronous versions of these calls. The synchronous versions will block the entire process until they complete--halting all connections.
Asynchronous rename(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous rename(2).
Asynchronous ftruncate(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous ftruncate(2).
Asynchronous chmod(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous chmod(2).
Asynchronous stat(2). The callback gets two arguments (err, stats) where stats is a fs.Stats object. It looks like this:
{ dev: 2049
, ino: 305352
, mode: 16877
, nlink: 12
, uid: 1000
, gid: 1000
, rdev: 0
, size: 4096
, blksize: 4096
, blocks: 8
, atime: '2009-06-29T11:11:55Z'
, mtime: '2009-06-29T11:11:40Z'
, ctime: '2009-06-29T11:11:40Z'
}See the fs.Stats section below for more information.
Asynchronous lstat(2). The callback gets two arguments (err, stats) where stats is a fs.Stats object.
Asynchronous fstat(2). The callback gets two arguments (err, stats) where stats is a fs.Stats object.
Synchronous stat(2). Returns an instance of fs.Stats.
Synchronous lstat(2). Returns an instance of fs.Stats.
Synchronous fstat(2). Returns an instance of fs.Stats.
Asynchronous link(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous link(2).
Asynchronous symlink(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous symlink(2).
Asynchronous readlink(2). The callback gets two arguments (err, resolvedPath).
Synchronous readlink(2). Returns the resolved path.
Asynchronous realpath(2). The callback gets two arguments (err, resolvedPath).
Synchronous realpath(2). Returns the resolved path.
Asynchronous unlink(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous unlink(2).
Asynchronous rmdir(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous rmdir(2).
Asynchronous mkdir(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous mkdir(2).
Asynchronous readdir(3). Reads the contents of a directory.
The callback gets two arguments (err, files) where files is an array of
the names of the files in the directory excluding '.' and '..'.
Synchronous readdir(3). Returns an array of filenames excluding '.' and
'..'.
Asynchronous close(2). No arguments other than a possible exception are given to the completion callback.
Synchronous close(2).
Asynchronous file open. See open(2). Flags can be 'r', 'r+', 'w', 'w+', 'a',
or 'a+'. The callback gets two arguments (err, fd).
Synchronous open(2).
Write buffer to the file specified by fd.
offset and length determine the part of the buffer to be written.
position refers to the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
should be written. If position is null, the data will be written at the
current position.
See pwrite(2).
The callback will be given two arguments (err, written) where written
specifies how many bytes were written.
Synchronous version of buffer-based fs.write(). Returns the number of bytes written.
Synchronous version of string-based fs.write(). Returns the number of bytes written.
Read data from the file specified by fd.
buffer is the buffer that the data will be written to.
offset is offset within the buffer where writing will start.
length is an integer specifying the number of bytes to read.
position is an integer specifying where to begin reading from in the file.
If position is null, data will be read from the current file position.
The callback is given the two arguments, (err, bytesRead).
Synchronous version of buffer-based fs.read. Returns the number of bytesRead.
Synchronous version of string-based fs.read. Returns the number of bytesRead.
Asynchronously reads the entire contents of a file. Example:
fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', function (err, data) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});The callback is passed two arguments (err, data), where data is the
contents of the file.
If no encoding is specified, then the raw buffer is returned.
Synchronous version of fs.readFile. Returns the contents of the filename.
If encoding is specified then this function returns a string. Otherwise it
returns a buffer.
Asynchronously writes data to a file. data can be a string or a buffer.
Example:
fs.writeFile('message.txt', 'Hello Node', function (err) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('It\'s saved!');
});The synchronous version of fs.writeFile.
Watch for changes on filename. The callback listener will be called each
time the file changes.
The second argument is optional. The options if provided should be an object
containing two members a boolean, persistent, and interval, a polling
value in milliseconds. The default is {persistent: true, interval: 0}.
The listener gets two arguments the current stat object and the previous
stat object:
fs.watchFile(f, function (curr, prev) {
console.log('the current mtime is: ' + curr.mtime);
console.log('the previous mtime was: ' + prev.mtime);
});These stat objects are instances of fs.Stat.
Stop watching for changes on filename.
Objects returned from fs.stat() and fs.lstat() are of this type.
stats.isFile()stats.isDirectory()stats.isBlockDevice()stats.isCharacterDevice()stats.isSymbolicLink() (only valid with fs.lstat())stats.isFIFO()stats.isSocket()ReadStream is a Readable Stream.
Returns a new ReadStream object (See Readable Stream).
options is an object with the following defaults:
{ 'flags': 'r'
, 'encoding': null
, 'mode': 0666
, 'bufferSize': 4 * 1024
}options can include start and end values to read a range of bytes from
the file instead of the entire file. Both start and end are inclusive and
start at 0. When used, both the limits must be specified always.
An example to read the last 10 bytes of a file which is 100 bytes long:
fs.createReadStream('sample.txt', {start: 90, end: 99});WriteStream is a Writable Stream.
function (fd) { }
fd is the file descriptor used by the WriteStream.
Returns a new WriteStream object (See Writable Stream).
options is an object with the following defaults:
{ 'flags': 'w'
, 'encoding': null
, 'mode': 0666
}To use the HTTP server and client one must require('http').
The HTTP interfaces in Node are designed to support many features of the protocol which have been traditionally difficult to use. In particular, large, possibly chunk-encoded, messages. The interface is careful to never buffer entire requests or responses--the user is able to stream data.
HTTP message headers are represented by an object like this:
{ 'content-length': '123'
, 'content-type': 'text/plain'
, 'stream': 'keep-alive'
, 'accept': '*/*'
}Keys are lowercased. Values are not modified.
In order to support the full spectrum of possible HTTP applications, Node's HTTP API is very low-level. It deals with stream handling and message parsing only. It parses a message into headers and body but it does not parse the actual headers or the body.
HTTPS is supported if OpenSSL is available on the underlying platform.
This is an EventEmitter with the following events:
function (request, response) { }
request is an instance of http.ServerRequest and response is
an instance of http.ServerResponse
function (stream) { }
When a new TCP stream is established. stream is an object of type
net.Stream. Usually users will not want to access this event. The
stream can also be accessed at request.connection.
function (errno) { }
Emitted when the server closes.
function (request, response) {}
Emitted each time there is request. Note that there may be multiple requests per connection (in the case of keep-alive connections).
function (request, socket, head)
Emitted each time a client requests a http upgrade. If this event isn't listened for, then clients requesting an upgrade will have their connections closed.
request is the arguments for the http request, as it is in the request event.socket is the network socket between the server and client.head is an instance of Buffer, the first packet of the upgraded stream, this may be empty.After this event is emitted, the request's socket will not have a data
event listener, meaning you will need to bind to it in order to handle data
sent to the server on that socket.
function (exception) {}
If a client connection emits an 'error' event - it will forwarded here.
Returns a new web server object.
The requestListener is a function which is automatically
added to the 'request' event.
Begin accepting connections on the specified port and hostname. If the
hostname is omitted, the server will accept connections directed to any
IPv4 address (INADDR_ANY).
To listen to a unix socket, supply a filename instead of port and hostname.
This function is asynchronous. The last parameter callback will be called
when the server has been bound to the port.
Start a UNIX socket server listening for connections on the given path.
This function is asynchronous. The last parameter callback will be called
when the server has been bound.
Enables HTTPS support for the server, with the crypto module credentials specifying the private key and certificate of the server, and optionally the CA certificates for use in client authentication.
If the credentials hold one or more CA certificates, then the server will request for the client to submit a client certificate as part of the HTTPS connection handshake. The validity and content of this can be accessed via verifyPeer() and getPeerCertificate() from the server's request.connection.
Stops the server from accepting new connections.
This object is created internally by a HTTP server--not by
the user--and passed as the first argument to a 'request' listener.
This is an EventEmitter with the following events:
function (chunk) { }
Emitted when a piece of the message body is received.
Example: A chunk of the body is given as the single
argument. The transfer-encoding has been decoded. The
body chunk is a string. The body encoding is set with
request.setBodyEncoding().
function () { }
Emitted exactly once for each message. No arguments. After emitted no other events will be emitted on the request.
The request method as a string. Read only. Example:
'GET', 'DELETE'.
Request URL string. This contains only the URL that is present in the actual HTTP request. If the request is:
GET /status?name=ryan HTTP/1.1\r\n
Accept: text/plain\r\n
\r\nThen request.url will be:
'/status?name=ryan'If you would like to parse the URL into its parts, you can use
require('url').parse(request.url). Example:
node> require('url').parse('/status?name=ryan')
{ href: '/status?name=ryan'
, search: '?name=ryan'
, query: 'name=ryan'
, pathname: '/status'
}If you would like to extract the params from the query string,
you can use the require('querystring').parse function, or pass
true as the second argument to require('url').parse. Example:
node> require('url').parse('/status?name=ryan', true)
{ href: '/status?name=ryan'
, search: '?name=ryan'
, query: { name: 'ryan' }
, pathname: '/status'
}Read only.
The HTTP protocol version as a string. Read only. Examples:
'1.1', '1.0'.
Also request.httpVersionMajor is the first integer and
request.httpVersionMinor is the second.
Set the encoding for the request body. Either 'utf8' or 'binary'. Defaults
to null, which means that the 'data' event will emit a Buffer object..
Pauses request from emitting events. Useful to throttle back an upload.
Resumes a paused request.
The net.Stream object associated with the connection.
With HTTPS support, use request.connection.verifyPeer() and request.connection.getPeerCertificate() to obtain the client's authentication details.
This object is created internally by a HTTP server--not by the user. It is
passed as the second parameter to the 'request' event. It is a Writable Stream.
Sends a response header to the request. The status code is a 3-digit HTTP
status code, like 404. The last argument, headers, are the response headers.
Optionally one can give a human-readable reasonPhrase as the second
argument.
Example:
var body = 'hello world';
response.writeHead(200, {
'Content-Length': body.length,
'Content-Type': 'text/plain'
});This method must only be called once on a message and it must
be called before response.end() is called.
This method must be called after writeHead was
called. It sends a chunk of the response body. This method may
be called multiple times to provide successive parts of the body.
chunk can be a string or a buffer. If chunk is a string,
the second parameter specifies how to encode it into a byte stream.
By default the encoding is 'utf8'.
Note: This is the raw HTTP body and has nothing to do with higher-level multi-part body encodings that may be used.
The first time response.write() is called, it will send the buffered
header information and the first body to the client. The second time
response.write() is called, Node assumes you're going to be streaming
data, and sends that separately. That is, the response is buffered up to the
first chunk of body.
This method signals to the server that all of the response headers and body
has been sent; that server should consider this message complete.
The method, response.end(), MUST be called on each
response.
If data is specified, it is equivalent to calling response.write(data, encoding)
followed by response.end().
An HTTP client is constructed with a server address as its argument, the returned handle is then used to issue one or more requests. Depending on the server connected to, the client might pipeline the requests or reestablish the stream after each stream. Currently the implementation does not pipeline requests.
Example of connecting to google.com:
var http = require('http');
var google = http.createClient(80, 'www.google.com');
var request = google.request('GET', '/',
{'host': 'www.google.com'});
request.end();
request.on('response', function (response) {
console.log('STATUS: ' + response.statusCode);
console.log('HEADERS: ' + JSON.stringify(response.headers));
response.setEncoding('utf8');
response.on('data', function (chunk) {
console.log('BODY: ' + chunk);
});
});There are a few special headers that should be noted.
The 'Host' header is not added by Node, and is usually required by website.
Sending a 'Connection: keep-alive' will notify Node that the connection to the server should be persisted until the next request.
Sending a 'Content-length' header will disable the default chunked encoding.
function (request, socket, head)
Emitted each time a server responds to a request with an upgrade. If this event isn't being listened for, clients receiving an upgrade header will have their connections closed.
See the description of the upgrade event for http.Server for further details.
Constructs a new HTTP client. port and
host refer to the server to be connected to. A
stream is not established until a request is issued.
secure is an optional boolean flag to enable https support and credentials is an optional credentials object from the crypto module, which may hold the client's private key, certificate, and a list of trusted CA certificates.
If the connection is secure, but no explicit CA certificates are passed in the credentials, then node.js will default to the publicly trusted list of CA certificates, as given in http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla/source/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
Issues a request; if necessary establishes stream. Returns a http.ClientRequest instance.
method is optional and defaults to 'GET' if omitted.
request_headers is optional.
Additional request headers might be added internally
by Node. Returns a ClientRequest object.
Do remember to include the Content-Length header if you
plan on sending a body. If you plan on streaming the body, perhaps
set Transfer-Encoding: chunked.
NOTE: the request is not complete. This method only sends the header of
the request. One needs to call request.end() to finalize the request and
retrieve the response. (This sounds convoluted but it provides a chance for
the user to stream a body to the server with request.write().)
Returns true or false depending on the validity of the server's certificate in the context of the defined or default list of trusted CA certificates.
Returns a JSON structure detailing the server's certificate, containing a dictionary with keys for the certificate 'subject', 'issuer', 'valid_from' and 'valid_to'
This object is created internally and returned from the request() method
of a http.Client. It represents an in-progress request whose header has
already been sent.
To get the response, add a listener for 'response' to the request object.
'response' will be emitted from the request object when the response
headers have been received. The 'response' event is executed with one
argument which is an instance of http.ClientResponse.
During the 'response' event, one can add listeners to the
response object; particularly to listen for the 'data' event. Note that
the 'response' event is called before any part of the response body is received,
so there is no need to worry about racing to catch the first part of the
body. As long as a listener for 'data' is added during the 'response'
event, the entire body will be caught.
// Good
request.on('response', function (response) {
response.on('data', function (chunk) {
console.log('BODY: ' + chunk);
});
});
// Bad - misses all or part of the body
request.on('response', function (response) {
setTimeout(function () {
response.on('data', function (chunk) {
console.log('BODY: ' + chunk);
});
}, 10);
});This is a Writable Stream.
This is an EventEmitter with the following events:
function (response) { }
Emitted when a response is received to this request. This event is emitted only once. The
response argument will be an instance of http.ClientResponse.
Sends a chunk of the body. By calling this method
many times, the user can stream a request body to a
server--in that case it is suggested to use the
['Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked'] header line when
creating the request.
The chunk argument should be an array of integers
or a string.
The encoding argument is optional and only
applies when chunk is a string.
Finishes sending the request. If any parts of the body are
unsent, it will flush them to the stream. If the request is
chunked, this will send the terminating '0\r\n\r\n'.
If data is specified, it is equivalent to calling request.write(data, encoding)
followed by request.end().
This object is created when making a request with http.Client. It is
passed to the 'response' event of the request object.
The response implements the Readable Stream interface.
function (chunk) {}
Emitted when a piece of the message body is received.
Example: A chunk of the body is given as the single
argument. The transfer-encoding has been decoded. The
body chunk a String. The body encoding is set with
`response.setBodyEncoding()`.function () {}
Emitted exactly once for each message. No arguments. After emitted no other events will be emitted on the response.
The 3-digit HTTP response status code. E.G. 404.
The HTTP version of the connected-to server. Probably either
'1.1' or '1.0'.
Also response.httpVersionMajor is the first integer and
response.httpVersionMinor is the second.
The response headers object.
Set the encoding for the response body. Either 'utf8', 'ascii', or 'base64'.
Defaults to null, which means that the 'data' event will emit a Buffer object..
Pauses response from emitting events. Useful to throttle back a download.
Resumes a paused response.
A reference to the http.Client that this response belongs to.
This class is used to create a TCP or UNIX server.
Here is an example of a echo server which listens for connections on port 8124:
var net = require('net');
var server = net.createServer(function (stream) {
stream.setEncoding('utf8');
stream.on('connect', function () {
stream.write('hello\r\n');
});
stream.on('data', function (data) {
stream.write(data);
});
stream.on('end', function () {
stream.write('goodbye\r\n');
stream.end();
});
});
server.listen(8124, 'localhost');To listen on the socket '/tmp/echo.sock', the last line would just be
changed to
server.listen('/tmp/echo.sock');This is an EventEmitter with the following events:
function (stream) {}
Emitted when a new connection is made. stream is an instance of
net.Stream.
function () {}
Emitted when the server closes.
Creates a new TCP server. The connectionListener argument is
automatically set as a listener for the 'connection' event.
Begin accepting connections on the specified port and host. If the
host is omitted, the server will accept connections directed to any
IPv4 address (INADDR_ANY).
This function is asynchronous. The last parameter callback will be called
when the server has been bound.
Start a UNIX socket server listening for connections on the given path.
This function is asynchronous. The last parameter callback will be called
when the server has been bound.
Start a server listening for connections on the given file descriptor.
This file descriptor must have already had the bind(2) and listen(2) system
calls invoked on it.
Stops the server from accepting new connections. This function is
asynchronous, the server is finally closed when the server emits a 'close'
event.
Set this property to reject connections when the server's connection count gets high.
The number of concurrent connections on the server.
This object is an abstraction of of a TCP or UNIX socket. net.Stream
instance implement a duplex stream interface. They can be created by the
user and used as a client (with connect()) or they can be created by Node
and passed to the user through the 'connection' event of a server.
net.Stream instances are EventEmitters with the following events:
function () { }
Emitted when a stream connection successfully is established.
See connect().
function () { }
Emitted when a stream connection successfully establishes an SSL handshake with its peer.
function (data) { }
Emitted when data is received. The argument data will be a Buffer or
String. Encoding of data is set by stream.setEncoding().
(See the section on Readable Stream for more information.)
function () { }
Emitted when the other end of the stream sends a FIN packet. After this is
emitted the readyState will be 'writeOnly'. One should probably just
call stream.end() when this event is emitted.
function () { }
Emitted if the stream times out from inactivity. This is only to notify that the stream has been idle. The user must manually close the connection.
See also: stream.setTimeout()
function () { }
Emitted when the write buffer becomes empty. Can be used to throttle uploads.
function (exception) { }
Emitted when an error occurs. The 'close' event will be called directly
following this event.
function (had_error) { }
Emitted once the stream is fully closed. The argument had_error is a boolean which says if
the stream was closed due to a transmission
error.
Construct a new stream object and opens a stream to the specified port
and host. If the second parameter is omitted, localhost is assumed.
When the stream is established the 'connect' event will be emitted.
Opens a stream to the specified port and host. createConnection()
also opens a stream; normally this method is not needed. Use this only if
a stream is closed and you want to reuse the object to connect to another
server.
This function is asynchronous. When the 'connect' event is emitted the
stream is established. If there is a problem connecting, the 'connect'
event will not be emitted, the 'error' event will be emitted with
the exception.
The string representation of the remote IP address. For example,
'74.125.127.100' or '2001:4860:a005::68'.
This member is only present in server-side connections.
Either 'closed', 'open', 'opening', 'readOnly', or 'writeOnly'.
Sets the encoding (either 'ascii', 'utf8', or 'base64') for data that is
received.
Enables SSL support for the stream, with the crypto module credentials specifying the private key and certificate of the stream, and optionally the CA certificates for use in peer authentication.
If the credentials hold one ore more CA certificates, then the stream will request for the peer to submit a client certificate as part of the SSL connection handshake. The validity and content of this can be accessed via verifyPeer() and getPeerCertificate().
Returns true or false depending on the validity of the peers's certificate in the context of the defined or default list of trusted CA certificates.
Returns a JSON structure detailing the peer's certificate, containing a dictionary with keys for the certificate 'subject', 'issuer', 'valid_from' and 'valid_to'
Sends data on the stream. The second parameter specifies the encoding in the case of a string--it defaults to ASCII because encoding to UTF8 is rather slow.
Returns true if the entire data was flushed successfully to the kernel
buffer. Returns false if all or part of the data was queued in user memory.
'drain' will be emitted when the buffer is again free.
Half-closes the stream. I.E., it sends a FIN packet. It is possible the
server will still send some data. After calling this readyState will be
'readOnly'.
If data is specified, it is equivalent to calling stream.write(data, encoding)
followed by stream.end().
Ensures that no more I/O activity happens on this stream. Only necessary in case of errors (parse error or so).
Pauses the reading of data. That is, 'data' events will not be emitted.
Useful to throttle back an upload.
Resumes reading after a call to pause().
Sets the stream to timeout after timeout milliseconds of inactivity on
the stream. By default net.Stream do not have a timeout.
When an idle timeout is triggered the stream will receive a 'timeout'
event but the connection will not be severed. The user must manually end()
or destroy() the stream.
If timeout is 0, then the existing idle timeout is disabled.
Disables the Nagle algorithm. By default TCP connections use the Nagle
algorithm, they buffer data before sending it off. Setting noDelay will
immediately fire off data each time stream.write() is called.
Enable/disable keep-alive functionality, and optionally set the initial
delay before the first keepalive probe is sent on an idle stream.
Set initialDelay (in milliseconds) to set the delay between the last
data packet received and the first keepalive probe. Setting 0 for
initialDelay will leave the value unchanged from the default
(or previous) setting.
Use require('crypto') to access this module.
The crypto module requires OpenSSL to be available on the underlying platform. It offers a way of encapsulating secure credentials to be used as part of a secure HTTPS net or http connection.
It also offers a set of wrappers for OpenSSL's hash, hmac, cipher, decipher, sign and verify methods.
Creates a credentials object, with the optional details being a dictionary with keys:
key : a string holding the PEM encoded private key
cert : a string holding the PEM encoded certificate
ca : either a string or list of strings of PEM encoded CA certificates to trust.
If no 'ca' details are given, then node.js will use the default publicly trusted list of CAs as given in http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla/source/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
Creates and returns a hash object, a cryptographic hash with the given algorithm which can be used to generate hash digests.
algorithm is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are sha1, md5, sha256, sha512, etc. On recent releases, openssl list-message-digest-algorithms will display the available digest algorithms.
Updates the hash content with the given data. This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Calculates the digest of all of the passed data to be hashed. The encoding can be 'hex', 'binary' or 'base64'.
Creates and returns a hmac object, a cryptographic hmac with the given algorithm and key.
algorithm is dependent on the available algorithms supported by OpenSSL - see createHash above.
key is the hmac key to be used.
Update the hmac content with the given data. This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Calculates the digest of all of the passed data to the hmac. The encoding can be 'hex', 'binary' or 'base64'.
Creates and returns a cipher object, with the given algorithm and key.
algorithm is dependent on OpenSSL, examples are aes192, etc. On recent releases, openssl list-cipher-algorithms will display the available cipher algorithms.
Updates the cipher with data, the encoding of which is given in input_encoding and can be 'utf8', 'ascii' or 'binary'. The output_encoding specifies the output format of the enciphered data, and can be 'binary', 'base64' or 'hex'.
Returns the enciphered contents, and can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Returns any remaining enciphered contents, with output_encoding being one of: 'binary', 'ascii' or 'utf8'.
Creates and returns a decipher object, with the given algorithm and key. This is the mirror of the cipher object above.
Updates the decipher with data, which is encoded in 'binary', 'base64' or 'hex'. The output_decoding specifies in what format to return the deciphered plaintext - either 'binary', 'ascii' or 'utf8'.
Returns any remaining plaintext which is deciphered, with `output_encoding' being one of: 'binary', 'ascii' or 'utf8'.
Creates and returns a signing object, with the given algorithm. On recent OpenSSL releases, openssl list-public-key-algorithms will display the available signing algorithms. Examples are 'RSA-SHA256'.
Updates the signer object with data. This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Calculates the signature on all the updated data passed through the signer. private_key is a string containing the PEM encoded private key for signing.
Returns the signature in output_format which can be 'binary', 'hex' or 'base64'
Creates and returns a verification object, with the given algorithm. This is the mirror of the signing object above.
Updates the verifyer object with data. This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Verifies the signed data by using the public_key which is a string containing the PEM encoded public key, and signature, which is the previously calculates signature for the data, in the signature_format which can be 'binary', 'hex' or 'base64'.
Returns true or false depending on the validity of the signature for the data and public key.
Use require('dns') to access this module.
Here is an example which resolves 'www.google.com' then reverse
resolves the IP addresses which are returned.
var dns = require('dns');
dns.resolve4('www.google.com', function (err, addresses) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('addresses: ' + JSON.stringify(addresses));
addresses.forEach(function (a) {
dns.reverse(a, function (err, domains) {
if (err) {
console.log('reverse for ' + a + ' failed: ' +
err.message);
} else {
console.log('reverse for ' + a + ': ' +
JSON.stringify(domains));
}
});
});
});Resolves a domain (e.g. 'google.com') into the first found A (IPv4) or
AAAA (IPv6) record.
The callback has arguments (err, address, family). The address argument
is a string representation of a IP v4 or v6 address. The family argument
is either the integer 4 or 6 and denotes the family of address (not
neccessarily the value initially passed to lookup).
Resolves a domain (e.g. 'google.com') into an array of the record types
specified by rrtype. Valid rrtypes are A (IPV4 addresses), AAAA (IPV6
addresses), MX (mail exchange records), TXT (text records), SRV (SRV
records), and PTR (used for reverse IP lookups).
The callback has arguments (err, addresses). The type of each item
in addresses is determined by the record type, and described in the
documentation for the corresponding lookup methods below.
On error, err would be an instanceof Error object, where err.errno is
one of the error codes listed below and err.message is a string describing
the error in English.
The same as dns.resolve(), but only for IPv4 queries (A records).
addresses is an array of IPv4 addresses (e.g.['74.125.79.104', '74.125.79.105', '74.125.79.106']).
The same as dns.resolve4() except for IPv6 queries (an AAAA query).
The same as dns.resolve(), but only for mail exchange queries (MX records).
addresses is an array of MX records, each with a priority and an exchange
attribute (e.g. [{'priority': 10, 'exchange': 'mx.example.com'},...]).
The same as dns.resolve(), but only for text queries (TXT records).
addresses is an array of the text records available for domain (e.g.,
['v=spf1 ip4:0.0.0.0 ~all']).
The same as dns.resolve(), but only for service records (SRV records).
addresses is an array of the SRV records available for domain. Properties
of SRV records are priority, weight, port, and name (e.g.,
[{'priority': 10, {'weight': 5, 'port': 21223, 'name': 'service.example.com'}, ...]).
Reverse resolves an ip address to an array of domain names.
The callback has arguments (err, domains).
If there an an error, err will be non-null and an instanceof the Error
object.
Each DNS query can return an error code.
dns.TEMPFAIL: timeout, SERVFAIL or similar.dns.PROTOCOL: got garbled reply.dns.NXDOMAIN: domain does not exists.dns.NODATA: domain exists but no data of reqd type.dns.NOMEM: out of memory while processing.dns.BADQUERY: the query is malformed.Datagram sockets are available through require('dgram'). Datagrams are most commonly
handled as IP/UDP messages, but they can also be used over Unix domain sockets.
function (msg, rinfo) { }
Emitted when a new datagram is available on a socket. msg is a Buffer and rinfo is
an object with the sender's address information and the number of bytes in the datagram.
function () { }
Emitted when a socket starts listening for datagrams. This happens as soon as UDP sockets
are created. Unix domain sockets do not start listening until calling bind() on them.
function () { }
Emitted when a socket is closed with close(). No new message events will be emitted
on this socket.
Creates a datagram socket of the specified types. Valid types are:
udp4, udp6, and unix_dgram.
Takes an optional callback which is added as a listener for message events.
For Unix domain datagram sockets, the destination address is a pathname in the filesystem.
An optional callback may be supplied that is invoked after the sendto call is completed
by the OS. It is not safe to re-use buf until the callback is invoked. Note that
unless the socket is bound to a pathname with bind() there is no way to receive messages
on this socket.
Example of sending a message to syslogd on OSX via Unix domain socket /var/run/syslog:
var dgram = require('dgram');
var message = new Buffer("A message to log.");
var client = dgram.createSocket("unix_dgram");
client.send(message, 0, message.length, "/var/run/syslog",
function (err, bytes) {
if (err) {
throw err;
}
console.log("Wrote " + bytes + " bytes to socket.");
});For UDP sockets, the destination port and IP address must be specified. A string
may be supplied for the address parameter, and it will be resolved with DNS. An
optional callback may be specified to detect any DNS errors and when buf may be
re-used. Note that DNS lookups will delay the time that a send takes place, at
least until the next tick. The only way to know for sure that a send has taken place
is to use the callback.
Example of sending a UDP packet to a random port on localhost;
var dgram = require('dgram');
var message = new Buffer("Some bytes");
var client = dgram.createSocket("udp4");
client.send(message, 0, message.length, 41234, "localhost");
client.close();For Unix domain datagram sockets, start listening for incoming datagrams on a
socket specified by path. Note that clients may send() without bind(),
but no datagrams will be received without a bind().
Example of a Unix domain datagram server that echoes back all messages it receives:
var dgram = require("dgram");
var serverPath = "/tmp/dgram_server_sock";
var server = dgram.createSocket("unix_dgram");
server.on("message", function (msg, rinfo) {
console.log("got: " + msg + " from " + rinfo.address);
server.send(msg, 0, msg.length, rinfo.address);
});
server.on("listening", function () {
console.log("server listening " + server.address().address);
})
server.bind(serverPath);Example of a Unix domain datagram client that talks to this server:
var dgram = require("dgram");
var serverPath = "/tmp/dgram_server_sock";
var clientPath = "/tmp/dgram_client_sock";
var message = new Buffer("A message at " + (new Date()));
var client = dgram.createSocket("unix_dgram");
client.on("message", function (msg, rinfo) {
console.log("got: " + msg + " from " + rinfo.address);
});
client.on("listening", function () {
console.log("client listening " + client.address().address);
client.send(message, 0, message.length, serverPath);
});
client.bind(clientPath);For UDP sockets, listen for datagrams on a named port and optional address. If
address is not specified, the OS will try to listen on all addresses.
Example of a UDP server listening on port 41234:
var dgram = require("dgram");
var server = dgram.createSocket("udp4");
var messageToSend = new Buffer("A message to send");
server.on("message", function (msg, rinfo) {
console.log("server got: " + msg + " from " +
rinfo.address + ":" + rinfo.port);
});
server.on("listening", function () {
var address = server.address();
console.log("server listening " +
address.address + ":" + address.port);
});
server.bind(41234);
// server listening 0.0.0.0:41234Close the underlying socket and stop listening for data on it. UDP sockets
automatically listen for messages, even if they did not call bind().
Returns an object containing the address information for a socket. For UDP sockets,
this object will contain address and port. For Unix domain sockets, it will contain
only address.
Sets or clears the SO_BROADCAST socket option. When this option is set, UDP packets
may be sent to a local interface's broadcast address.
Sets the IP_TTL socket option. TTL stands for "Time to Live," but in this context it
specifies the number of IP hops that a packet is allowed to go through. Each router or
gateway that forwards a packet decrements the TTL. If the TTL is decremented to 0 by a
router, it will not be forwarded. Changing TTL values is typically done for network
probes or when multicasting.
The argument to setTTL() is a number of hops between 1 and 255. The default on most
systems is 64.
This module is used for writing unit tests for your applications, you can
access it with require('assert').
Tests if actual is equal to expected using the operator provided.
Tests if value is a true value, it is equivalent to assert.equal(true, value, message);
Tests shallow, coercive equality with the equal comparison operator ( == ).
Tests shallow, coercive non-equality with the not equal comparison operator ( != ).
Tests for deep equality.
Tests for any deep inequality.
Tests strict equality, as determined by the strict equality operator ( === )
Tests strict non-equality, as determined by the strict not equal operator ( !== )
Expects block to throw an error.
Expects block not to throw an error.
Tests if value is not a false value, throws if it is a true value. Useful when testing the first argument, error in callbacks.
This module contains utilities for dealing with file paths. Use
require('path') to use it. It provides the following methods:
Join all arguments together and resolve the resulting path.
Example:
node> require('path').join(
... '/foo', 'bar', 'baz/asdf', 'quux', '..')
'/foo/bar/baz/asdf'Normalize an array of path parts, taking care of '..' and '.' parts.
Example:
path.normalizeArray(['',
'foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'asdf', 'quux', '..'])
// returns
[ '', 'foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'asdf' ]Normalize a string path, taking care of '..' and '.' parts.
Example:
path.normalize('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux/..')
// returns
'/foo/bar/baz/asdf'Return the directory name of a path. Similar to the Unix dirname command.
Example:
path.dirname('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux')
// returns
'/foo/bar/baz/asdf'Return the last portion of a path. Similar to the Unix basename command.
Example:
path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html')
// returns
'quux.html'
path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html', '.html')
// returns
'quux'Return the extension of the path. Everything after the last '.' in the last portion of the path. If there is no '.' in the last portion of the path or the only '.' is the first character, then it returns an empty string. Examples:
path.extname('index.html')
// returns
'.html'
path.extname('index')
// returns
''Test whether or not the given path exists. Then, call the callback argument with either true or false. Example:
path.exists('/etc/passwd', function (exists) {
sys.debug(exists ? "it's there" : "no passwd!");
});This module has utilities for URL resolution and parsing.
Call require('url') to use it.
Parsed URL objects have some or all of the following fields, depending on whether or not they exist in the URL string. Any parts that are not in the URL string will not be in the parsed object. Examples are shown for the URL
'http://user:pass@host.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash'
href
The full URL that was originally parsed. Example:
'http://user:pass@host.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash'
protocol
The request protocol. Example: 'http:'
host
The full host portion of the URL, including port and authentication information. Example:
'user:pass@host.com:8080'
auth
The authentication information portion of a URL. Example: 'user:pass'
hostname
Just the hostname portion of the host. Example: 'host.com'
port
The port number portion of the host. Example: '8080'
pathname
The path section of the URL, that comes after the host and before the query, including the initial slash if present. Example: '/p/a/t/h'
search
The 'query string' portion of the URL, including the leading question mark. Example: '?query=string'
query
Either the 'params' portion of the query string, or a querystring-parsed object. Example:
'query=string' or {'query':'string'}
hash
The 'fragment' portion of the URL including the pound-sign. Example: '#hash'
The following methods are provided by the URL module:
Take a URL string, and return an object. Pass true as the second argument to also parse
the query string using the querystring module.
Take a parsed URL object, and return a formatted URL string.
Take a base URL, and a href URL, and resolve them as a browser would for an anchor tag.
This module provides utilities for dealing with query strings. It provides the following methods:
Serialize an object to a query string. Optionally override the default separator and assignment characters. Example:
querystring.stringify({foo: 'bar'})
// returns
'foo=bar'
querystring.stringify({foo: 'bar', baz: 'bob'}, ';', ':')
// returns
'foo:bar;baz:bob'By default, this function will perform PHP/Rails-style parameter munging for arrays and objects used as
values within obj.
Example:
querystring.stringify({foo: ['bar', 'baz', 'boz']})
// returns
'foo%5B%5D=bar&foo%5B%5D=baz&foo%5B%5D=boz'
querystring.stringify({foo: {bar: 'baz'}})
// returns
'foo%5Bbar%5D=baz'If you wish to disable the array munging (e.g. when generating parameters for a Java servlet), you
can set the munge argument to false.
Example:
querystring.stringify({foo: ['bar', 'baz', 'boz']}, '&', '=', false)
// returns
'foo=bar&foo=baz&foo=boz'Note that when munge is false, parameter names with object values will still be munged.
Deserialize a query string to an object. Optionally override the default separator and assignment characters.
querystring.parse('a=b&b=c')
// returns
{ 'a': 'b'
, 'b': 'c'
}This function can parse both munged and unmunged query strings (see stringify for details).
The escape function used by querystring.stringify, provided so that it could be overridden if necessary.
The unescape function used by querystring.parse, provided so that it could be overridden if necessary.
A Read-Eval-Print-Loop (REPL) is available both as a standalone program and easily includable in other programs. REPL provides a way to interactively run JavaScript and see the results. It can be used for debugging, testing, or just trying things out.
By executing node without any arguments from the command-line you will be
dropped into the REPL. It has simplistic emacs line-editing.
mjr:~$ node
Type '.help' for options.
node> a = [ 1, 2, 3];
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
node> a.forEach(function (v) {
... console.log(v);
... });
1
2
3For advanced line-editors, start node with the environmental variable NODE_NO_READLINE=1.
This will start the REPL in canonical terminal settings which will allow you to use with rlwrap.
For example, you could add this to your bashrc file:
alias node="env NODE_NO_READLINE=1 rlwrap node"Starts a REPL with prompt as the prompt and stream for all I/O. prompt
is optional and defaults to node> . stream is optional and defaults to
process.openStdin().
Multiple REPLs may be started against the same running instance of node. Each will share the same global object but will have unique I/O.
Here is an example that starts a REPL on stdin, a Unix socket, and a TCP socket:
var net = require("net"),
repl = require("repl");
connections = 0;
repl.start("node via stdin> ");
net.createServer(function (socket) {
connections += 1;
repl.start("node via Unix socket> ", socket);
}).listen("/tmp/node-repl-sock");
net.createServer(function (socket) {
connections += 1;
repl.start("node via TCP socket> ", socket);
}).listen(5001);Running this program from the command line will start a REPL on stdin. Other
REPL clients may connect through the Unix socket or TCP socket. telnet is useful
for connecting to TCP sockets, and socat can be used to connect to both Unix and
TCP sockets.
By starting a REPL from a Unix socket-based server instead of stdin, you can connect to a long-running node process without restarting it.
Inside the REPL, Control+D will exit. Multi-line expressions can be input.
The special variable _ (underscore) contains the result of the last expression.
node> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
[ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
node> _.length
3
node> _ += 1
4The REPL provides access to any variables in the global scope. You can expose a variable
to the REPL explicitly by assigning it to the context object associated with each
REPLServer. For example:
// repl_test.js
var repl = require("repl"),
msg = "message";
repl.start().context.m = msg;Things in the context object appear as local within the REPL:
mjr:~$ node repl_test.js
node> m
'message'There are a few special REPL commands:
.break - While inputting a multi-line expression, sometimes you get lost or just don't care
about completing it. .break will start over.
.clear - Resets the context object to an empty object and clears any multi-line expression.
.exit - Close the I/O stream, which will cause the REPL to exit.
.help - Show this list of special commands.
Node uses the CommonJS module system.
Node has a simple module loading system. In Node, files and modules are in
one-to-one correspondence. As an example, foo.js loads the module
circle.js in the same directory.
The contents of foo.js:
var circle = require('./circle');
console.log( 'The area of a circle of radius 4 is '
+ circle.area(4));The contents of circle.js:
var PI = 3.14;
exports.area = function (r) {
return PI * r * r;
};
exports.circumference = function (r) {
return 2 * PI * r;
};The module circle.js has exported the functions area() and
circumference(). To export an object, add to the special exports
object. (Alternatively, one can use this instead of exports.) Variables
local to the module will be private. In this example the variable PI is
private to circle.js. The function puts() comes from the module 'sys',
which is a built-in module. Modules which are not prefixed by './' are
built-in module--more about this later.
A module prefixed with './' is relative to the file calling require().
That is, circle.js must be in the same directory as foo.js for
require('./circle') to find it.
Without the leading './', like require('assert') the module is searched
for in the require.paths array. require.paths on my system looks like
this:
[ '/home/ryan/.node_libraries' ]
That is, when require('assert') is called Node looks for:
/home/ryan/.node_libraries/assert.js/home/ryan/.node_libraries/assert.node/home/ryan/.node_libraries/assert/index.js/home/ryan/.node_libraries/assert/index.nodeinterrupting once a file is found. Files ending in '.node' are binary Addon
Modules; see 'Addons' below. 'index.js' allows one to package a module as
a directory.
require.paths can be modified at runtime by simply unshifting new
paths onto it, or at startup with the NODE_PATH environmental
variable (which should be a list of paths, colon separated).
Addons are dynamically linked shared objects. They can provide glue to C and C++ libraries. The API (at the moment) is rather complex, involving knowledge of several libraries:
V8 JavaScript, a C++ library. Used for interfacing with JavaScript:
creating objects, calling functions, etc. Documented mostly in the
v8.h header file (deps/v8/include/v8.h in the Node source tree).
libev, C event loop library. Anytime one needs to wait for a file
descriptor to become readable, wait for a timer, or wait for a signal to
received one will need to interface with libev. That is, if you perform
any I/O, libev will need to be used. Node uses the EV_DEFAULT event
loop. Documentation can be found http:/cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html[here].
libeio, C thread pool library. Used to execute blocking POSIX system
calls asynchronously. Mostly wrappers already exist for such calls, in
src/file.cc so you will probably not need to use it. If you do need it,
look at the header file deps/libeio/eio.h.
Internal Node libraries. Most importantly is the node::ObjectWrap
class which you will likely want to derive from.
Others. Look in deps/ for what else is available.
Node statically compiles all its dependencies into the executable. When compiling your module, you don't need to worry about linking to any of these libraries.
To get started let's make a small Addon which does the following except in C++:
exports.hello = 'world';To get started we create a file hello.cc:
#include <v8.h>
using namespace v8;
extern "C" void
init (Handle<Object> target)
{
HandleScope scope;
target->Set(String::New("hello"), String::New("World"));
}This source code needs to be built into hello.node, the binary Addon. To
do this we create a file called wscript which is python code and looks
like this:
srcdir = '.'
blddir = 'build'
VERSION = '0.0.1'
def set_options(opt):
opt.tool_options('compiler_cxx')
def configure(conf):
conf.check_tool('compiler_cxx')
conf.check_tool('node_addon')
def build(bld):
obj = bld.new_task_gen('cxx', 'shlib', 'node_addon')
obj.target = 'hello'
obj.source = 'hello.cc'Running node-waf configure build will create a file
build/default/hello.node which is our Addon.
node-waf is just http://code.google.com/p/waf/[WAF], the python-based build system. node-waf is
provided for the ease of users.
All Node addons must export a function called init with this signature:
extern 'C' void init (Handle<Object> target)For the moment, that is all the documentation on addons. Please see http://github.com/ry/node_postgres for a real example.
There are many third party modules for Node. At the time of writing, August 2010, the master repository of modules is http://github.com/ry/node/wiki/modules[the wiki page].
This appendix is intended as a SMALL guide to new-comers to help them quickly find what are considered to be quality modules. It is not intended to be a complete list. There may be better more complete modules found elsewhere.
Module Installer: npm
HTTP Middleware: Connect
Web Framework: Express
Web Sockets: Socket.IO
HTML Parsing: HTML5
Serialization: msgpack
Scraping: Apricot
Debugger: ndb is a CLI debugger inspector is a web based tool.
Testing/TDD/BDD: vows, expresso, mjsunit.runner
Patches to this list are welcome.