Node.js v23.0.0-nightly2024100532efeea0c0 documentation

Buffers and character encodings#

When converting between Buffers and strings, a character encoding may be specified. If no character encoding is specified, UTF-8 will be used as the default.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('hello world', 'utf8');

console.log(buf.toString('hex'));
// Prints: 68656c6c6f20776f726c64
console.log(buf.toString('base64'));
// Prints: aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=

console.log(Buffer.from('fhqwhgads', 'utf8'));
// Prints: <Buffer 66 68 71 77 68 67 61 64 73>
console.log(Buffer.from('fhqwhgads', 'utf16le'));
// Prints: <Buffer 66 00 68 00 71 00 77 00 68 00 67 00 61 00 64 00 73 00>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('hello world', 'utf8');

console.log(buf.toString('hex'));
// Prints: 68656c6c6f20776f726c64
console.log(buf.toString('base64'));
// Prints: aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=

console.log(Buffer.from('fhqwhgads', 'utf8'));
// Prints: <Buffer 66 68 71 77 68 67 61 64 73>
console.log(Buffer.from('fhqwhgads', 'utf16le'));
// Prints: <Buffer 66 00 68 00 71 00 77 00 68 00 67 00 61 00 64 00 73 00>copy

Node.js buffers accept all case variations of encoding strings that they receive. For example, UTF-8 can be specified as 'utf8', 'UTF8', or 'uTf8'.

The character encodings currently supported by Node.js are the following:

• 'utf8' (alias: 'utf-8'): Multi-byte encoded Unicode characters. Many web pages and other document formats use UTF-8. This is the default character encoding. When decoding a Buffer into a string that does not exclusively contain valid UTF-8 data, the Unicode replacement character U+FFFD � will be used to represent those errors.

• 'utf16le' (alias: 'utf-16le'): Multi-byte encoded Unicode characters. Unlike 'utf8', each character in the string will be encoded using either 2 or 4 bytes. Node.js only supports the little-endian variant of UTF-16.

• 'latin1': Latin-1 stands for ISO-8859-1. This character encoding only supports the Unicode characters from U+0000 to U+00FF. Each character is encoded using a single byte. Characters that do not fit into that range are truncated and will be mapped to characters in that range.

Converting a Buffer into a string using one of the above is referred to as decoding, and converting a string into a Buffer is referred to as encoding.

Node.js also supports the following binary-to-text encodings. For binary-to-text encodings, the naming convention is reversed: Converting a Buffer into a string is typically referred to as encoding, and converting a string into a Buffer as decoding.

• 'base64': Base64 encoding. When creating a Buffer from a string, this encoding will also correctly accept "URL and Filename Safe Alphabet" as specified in RFC 4648, Section 5. Whitespace characters such as spaces, tabs, and new lines contained within the base64-encoded string are ignored.

• 'base64url': base64url encoding as specified in RFC 4648, Section 5. When creating a Buffer from a string, this encoding will also correctly accept regular base64-encoded strings. When encoding a Buffer to a string, this encoding will omit padding.

• 'hex': Encode each byte as two hexadecimal characters. Data truncation may occur when decoding strings that do not exclusively consist of an even number of hexadecimal characters. See below for an example.

The following legacy character encodings are also supported:

• 'ascii': For 7-bit ASCII data only. When encoding a string into a Buffer, this is equivalent to using 'latin1'. When decoding a Buffer into a string, using this encoding will additionally unset the highest bit of each byte before decoding as 'latin1'. Generally, there should be no reason to use this encoding, as 'utf8' (or, if the data is known to always be ASCII-only, 'latin1') will be a better choice when encoding or decoding ASCII-only text. It is only provided for legacy compatibility.

• 'binary': Alias for 'latin1'. The name of this encoding can be very misleading, as all of the encodings listed here convert between strings and binary data. For converting between strings and Buffers, typically 'utf8' is the right choice.

• 'ucs2', 'ucs-2': Aliases of 'utf16le'. UCS-2 used to refer to a variant of UTF-16 that did not support characters that had code points larger than U+FFFF. In Node.js, these code points are always supported.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

Buffer.from('1ag123', 'hex');
// Prints <Buffer 1a>, data truncated when first non-hexadecimal value
// ('g') encountered.

Buffer.from('1a7', 'hex');
// Prints <Buffer 1a>, data truncated when data ends in single digit ('7').

Buffer.from('1634', 'hex');
// Prints <Buffer 16 34>, all data represented.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

Buffer.from('1ag123', 'hex');
// Prints <Buffer 1a>, data truncated when first non-hexadecimal value
// ('g') encountered.

Buffer.from('1a7', 'hex');
// Prints <Buffer 1a>, data truncated when data ends in single digit ('7').

Buffer.from('1634', 'hex');
// Prints <Buffer 16 34>, all data represented.copy

Modern Web browsers follow the WHATWG Encoding Standard which aliases both 'latin1' and 'ISO-8859-1' to 'win-1252'. This means that while doing something like http.get(), if the returned charset is one of those listed in the WHATWG specification it is possible that the server actually returned 'win-1252'-encoded data, and using 'latin1' encoding may incorrectly decode the characters.

Buffers and TypedArrays#

Buffer instances are also JavaScript Uint8Array and TypedArray instances. All TypedArray methods are available on Buffers. There are, however, subtle incompatibilities between the Buffer API and the TypedArray API.

In particular:

• While TypedArray.prototype.slice() creates a copy of part of the TypedArray, Buffer.prototype.slice() creates a view over the existing Buffer without copying. This behavior can be surprising, and only exists for legacy compatibility. TypedArray.prototype.subarray() can be used to achieve the behavior of Buffer.prototype.slice() on both Buffers and other TypedArrays and should be preferred.
• buf.toString() is incompatible with its TypedArray equivalent.
• A number of methods, e.g. buf.indexOf(), support additional arguments.

There are two ways to create new TypedArray instances from a Buffer:

• Passing a Buffer to a TypedArray constructor will copy the Buffers contents, interpreted as an array of integers, and not as a byte sequence of the target type.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
const uint32array = new Uint32Array(buf);

console.log(uint32array);

// Prints: Uint32Array(4) [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
const uint32array = new Uint32Array(buf);

console.log(uint32array);

// Prints: Uint32Array(4) [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]copy

• Passing the Buffers underlying ArrayBuffer will create a TypedArray that shares its memory with the Buffer.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('hello', 'utf16le');
const uint16array = new Uint16Array(
  buf.buffer,
  buf.byteOffset,
  buf.length / Uint16Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT);

console.log(uint16array);

// Prints: Uint16Array(5) [ 104, 101, 108, 108, 111 ]const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('hello', 'utf16le');
const uint16array = new Uint16Array(
  buf.buffer,
  buf.byteOffset,
  buf.length / Uint16Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT);

console.log(uint16array);

// Prints: Uint16Array(5) [ 104, 101, 108, 108, 111 ]copy

It is possible to create a new Buffer that shares the same allocated memory as a TypedArray instance by using the TypedArray object's .buffer property in the same way. Buffer.from() behaves like new Uint8Array() in this context.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Copies the contents of `arr`.
const buf1 = Buffer.from(arr);

// Shares memory with `arr`.
const buf2 = Buffer.from(arr.buffer);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 a0>
console.log(buf2);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>

arr[1] = 6000;

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 a0>
console.log(buf2);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Copies the contents of `arr`.
const buf1 = Buffer.from(arr);

// Shares memory with `arr`.
const buf2 = Buffer.from(arr.buffer);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 a0>
console.log(buf2);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>

arr[1] = 6000;

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 a0>
console.log(buf2);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>copy

When creating a Buffer using a TypedArray's .buffer, it is possible to use only a portion of the underlying ArrayBuffer by passing in byteOffset and length parameters.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const arr = new Uint16Array(20);
const buf = Buffer.from(arr.buffer, 0, 16);

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 16const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const arr = new Uint16Array(20);
const buf = Buffer.from(arr.buffer, 0, 16);

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 16copy

The Buffer.from() and TypedArray.from() have different signatures and implementations. Specifically, the TypedArray variants accept a second argument that is a mapping function that is invoked on every element of the typed array:

• TypedArray.from(source[, mapFn[, thisArg]])

The Buffer.from() method, however, does not support the use of a mapping function:

• Buffer.from(array)
• Buffer.from(buffer)
• Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset[, length]])
• Buffer.from(string[, encoding])

Buffers and iteration#

Buffer instances can be iterated over using for..of syntax:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]);

for (const b of buf) {
  console.log(b);
}
// Prints:
//   1
//   2
//   3const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]);

for (const b of buf) {
  console.log(b);
}
// Prints:
//   1
//   2
//   3copy

Additionally, the buf.values(), buf.keys(), and buf.entries() methods can be used to create iterators.

Class: Blob#

A Blob encapsulates immutable, raw data that can be safely shared across multiple worker threads.

new buffer.Blob([sources[, options]])#

• sources <string[]> | <ArrayBuffer[]> | <TypedArray[]> | <DataView[]> | <Blob[]> An array of string, <ArrayBuffer>, <TypedArray>, <DataView>, or <Blob> objects, or any mix of such objects, that will be stored within the Blob.
• options <Object>
  • endings <string> One of either 'transparent' or 'native'. When set to 'native', line endings in string source parts will be converted to the platform native line-ending as specified by require('node:os').EOL.
  • type <string> The Blob content-type. The intent is for type to convey the MIME media type of the data, however no validation of the type format is performed.

Creates a new Blob object containing a concatenation of the given sources.

<ArrayBuffer>, <TypedArray>, <DataView>, and <Buffer> sources are copied into the 'Blob' and can therefore be safely modified after the 'Blob' is created.

String sources are encoded as UTF-8 byte sequences and copied into the Blob. Unmatched surrogate pairs within each string part will be replaced by Unicode U+FFFD replacement characters.

blob.arrayBuffer()#

• Returns: <Promise>

Returns a promise that fulfills with an <ArrayBuffer> containing a copy of the Blob data.

blob.bytes()#

The blob.bytes() method returns the byte of the Blob object as a Promise<Uint8Array>.

const blob = new Blob(['hello']);
blob.bytes().then((bytes) => {
  console.log(bytes); // Outputs: Uint8Array(5) [ 104, 101, 108, 108, 111 ]
}); copy

blob.size#

The total size of the Blob in bytes.

blob.slice([start[, end[, type]]])#

• start <number> The starting index.
• end <number> The ending index.
• type <string> The content-type for the new Blob

Creates and returns a new Blob containing a subset of this Blob objects data. The original Blob is not altered.

blob.stream()#

• Returns: <ReadableStream>

Returns a new ReadableStream that allows the content of the Blob to be read.

blob.text()#

• Returns: <Promise>

Returns a promise that fulfills with the contents of the Blob decoded as a UTF-8 string.

blob.type#

• Type: <string>

The content-type of the Blob.

Blob objects and MessageChannel#

Once a <Blob> object is created, it can be sent via MessagePort to multiple destinations without transferring or immediately copying the data. The data contained by the Blob is copied only when the arrayBuffer() or text() methods are called.

import { Blob } from 'node:buffer';
import { setTimeout as delay } from 'node:timers/promises';

const blob = new Blob(['hello there']);

const mc1 = new MessageChannel();
const mc2 = new MessageChannel();

mc1.port1.onmessage = async ({ data }) => {
  console.log(await data.arrayBuffer());
  mc1.port1.close();
};

mc2.port1.onmessage = async ({ data }) => {
  await delay(1000);
  console.log(await data.arrayBuffer());
  mc2.port1.close();
};

mc1.port2.postMessage(blob);
mc2.port2.postMessage(blob);

// The Blob is still usable after posting.
blob.text().then(console.log);const { Blob } = require('node:buffer');
const { setTimeout: delay } = require('node:timers/promises');

const blob = new Blob(['hello there']);

const mc1 = new MessageChannel();
const mc2 = new MessageChannel();

mc1.port1.onmessage = async ({ data }) => {
  console.log(await data.arrayBuffer());
  mc1.port1.close();
};

mc2.port1.onmessage = async ({ data }) => {
  await delay(1000);
  console.log(await data.arrayBuffer());
  mc2.port1.close();
};

mc1.port2.postMessage(blob);
mc2.port2.postMessage(blob);

// The Blob is still usable after posting.
blob.text().then(console.log);copy

Class: Buffer#

The Buffer class is a global type for dealing with binary data directly. It can be constructed in a variety of ways.

Static method: Buffer.alloc(size[, fill[, encoding]])#

• size <integer> The desired length of the new Buffer.
• fill <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <integer> A value to pre-fill the new Buffer with. Default: 0.
• encoding <string> If fill is a string, this is its encoding. Default: 'utf8'.

Allocates a new Buffer of size bytes. If fill is undefined, the Buffer will be zero-filled.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.alloc(5);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.alloc(5);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>copy

If size is larger than buffer.constants.MAX_LENGTH or smaller than 0, ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE is thrown.

If fill is specified, the allocated Buffer will be initialized by calling buf.fill(fill).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.alloc(5, 'a');

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.alloc(5, 'a');

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>copy

If both fill and encoding are specified, the allocated Buffer will be initialized by calling buf.fill(fill, encoding).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.alloc(11, 'aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=', 'base64');

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.alloc(11, 'aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=', 'base64');

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64>copy

Calling Buffer.alloc() can be measurably slower than the alternative Buffer.allocUnsafe() but ensures that the newly created Buffer instance contents will never contain sensitive data from previous allocations, including data that might not have been allocated for Buffers.

A TypeError will be thrown if size is not a number.

Static method: Buffer.allocUnsafe(size)#

• size <integer> The desired length of the new Buffer.

Allocates a new Buffer of size bytes. If size is larger than buffer.constants.MAX_LENGTH or smaller than 0, ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE is thrown.

The underlying memory for Buffer instances created in this way is not initialized. The contents of the newly created Buffer are unknown and may contain sensitive data. Use Buffer.alloc() instead to initialize Buffer instances with zeroes.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(10);

console.log(buf);
// Prints (contents may vary): <Buffer a0 8b 28 3f 01 00 00 00 50 32>

buf.fill(0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(10);

console.log(buf);
// Prints (contents may vary): <Buffer a0 8b 28 3f 01 00 00 00 50 32>

buf.fill(0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00>copy

A TypeError will be thrown if size is not a number.

The Buffer module pre-allocates an internal Buffer instance of size Buffer.poolSize that is used as a pool for the fast allocation of new Buffer instances created using Buffer.allocUnsafe(), Buffer.from(array), Buffer.from(string), and Buffer.concat() only when size is less than Buffer.poolSize >>> 1 (floor of Buffer.poolSize divided by two).

Use of this pre-allocated internal memory pool is a key difference between calling Buffer.alloc(size, fill) vs. Buffer.allocUnsafe(size).fill(fill). Specifically, Buffer.alloc(size, fill) will never use the internal Buffer pool, while Buffer.allocUnsafe(size).fill(fill) will use the internal Buffer pool if size is less than or equal to half Buffer.poolSize. The difference is subtle but can be important when an application requires the additional performance that Buffer.allocUnsafe() provides.

Static method: Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(size)#

• size <integer> The desired length of the new Buffer.

Allocates a new Buffer of size bytes. If size is larger than buffer.constants.MAX_LENGTH or smaller than 0, ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE is thrown. A zero-length Buffer is created if size is 0.

The underlying memory for Buffer instances created in this way is not initialized. The contents of the newly created Buffer are unknown and may contain sensitive data. Use buf.fill(0) to initialize such Buffer instances with zeroes.

When using Buffer.allocUnsafe() to allocate new Buffer instances, allocations less than Buffer.poolSize >>> 1 (4KiB when default poolSize is used) are sliced from a single pre-allocated Buffer. This allows applications to avoid the garbage collection overhead of creating many individually allocated Buffer instances. This approach improves both performance and memory usage by eliminating the need to track and clean up as many individual ArrayBuffer objects.

However, in the case where a developer may need to retain a small chunk of memory from a pool for an indeterminate amount of time, it may be appropriate to create an un-pooled Buffer instance using Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow() and then copying out the relevant bits.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Need to keep around a few small chunks of memory.
const store = [];

socket.on('readable', () => {
  let data;
  while (null !== (data = readable.read())) {
    // Allocate for retained data.
    const sb = Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(10);

    // Copy the data into the new allocation.
    data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);

    store.push(sb);
  }
});const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Need to keep around a few small chunks of memory.
const store = [];

socket.on('readable', () => {
  let data;
  while (null !== (data = readable.read())) {
    // Allocate for retained data.
    const sb = Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(10);

    // Copy the data into the new allocation.
    data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);

    store.push(sb);
  }
});copy

A TypeError will be thrown if size is not a number.

Static method: Buffer.byteLength(string[, encoding])#

• string <string> | <Buffer> | <TypedArray> | <DataView> | <ArrayBuffer> | <SharedArrayBuffer> A value to calculate the length of.
• encoding <string> If string is a string, this is its encoding. Default: 'utf8'.
• Returns: <integer> The number of bytes contained within string.

Returns the byte length of a string when encoded using encoding. This is not the same as String.prototype.length, which does not account for the encoding that is used to convert the string into bytes.

For 'base64', 'base64url', and 'hex', this function assumes valid input. For strings that contain non-base64/hex-encoded data (e.g. whitespace), the return value might be greater than the length of a Buffer created from the string.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';

console.log(`${str}: ${str.length} characters, ` +
            `${Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8')} bytes`);
// Prints: ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytesconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';

console.log(`${str}: ${str.length} characters, ` +
            `${Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8')} bytes`);
// Prints: ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytescopy

When string is a Buffer/DataView/TypedArray/ArrayBuffer/ SharedArrayBuffer, the byte length as reported by .byteLength is returned.

Static method: Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2)#

• buf1 <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
• buf2 <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
• Returns: <integer> Either -1, 0, or 1, depending on the result of the comparison. See buf.compare() for details.

Compares buf1 to buf2, typically for the purpose of sorting arrays of Buffer instances. This is equivalent to calling buf1.compare(buf2).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from('1234');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('0123');
const arr = [buf1, buf2];

console.log(arr.sort(Buffer.compare));
// Prints: [ <Buffer 30 31 32 33>, <Buffer 31 32 33 34> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf2, buf1].)const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from('1234');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('0123');
const arr = [buf1, buf2];

console.log(arr.sort(Buffer.compare));
// Prints: [ <Buffer 30 31 32 33>, <Buffer 31 32 33 34> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf2, buf1].)copy

Static method: Buffer.concat(list[, totalLength])#

• list <Buffer[]> | <Uint8Array[]> List of Buffer or Uint8Array instances to concatenate.
• totalLength <integer> Total length of the Buffer instances in list when concatenated.
• Returns: <Buffer>

Returns a new Buffer which is the result of concatenating all the Buffer instances in the list together.

If the list has no items, or if the totalLength is 0, then a new zero-length Buffer is returned.

If totalLength is not provided, it is calculated from the Buffer instances in list by adding their lengths.

If totalLength is provided, it is coerced to an unsigned integer. If the combined length of the Buffers in list exceeds totalLength, the result is truncated to totalLength.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Create a single `Buffer` from a list of three `Buffer` instances.

const buf1 = Buffer.alloc(10);
const buf2 = Buffer.alloc(14);
const buf3 = Buffer.alloc(18);
const totalLength = buf1.length + buf2.length + buf3.length;

console.log(totalLength);
// Prints: 42

const bufA = Buffer.concat([buf1, buf2, buf3], totalLength);

console.log(bufA);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 ...>
console.log(bufA.length);
// Prints: 42const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Create a single `Buffer` from a list of three `Buffer` instances.

const buf1 = Buffer.alloc(10);
const buf2 = Buffer.alloc(14);
const buf3 = Buffer.alloc(18);
const totalLength = buf1.length + buf2.length + buf3.length;

console.log(totalLength);
// Prints: 42

const bufA = Buffer.concat([buf1, buf2, buf3], totalLength);

console.log(bufA);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 ...>
console.log(bufA.length);
// Prints: 42copy

Buffer.concat() may also use the internal Buffer pool like Buffer.allocUnsafe() does.

Static method: Buffer.copyBytesFrom(view[, offset[, length]])#

• view <TypedArray> The <TypedArray> to copy.
• offset <integer> The starting offset within view. Default:: 0.
• length <integer> The number of elements from view to copy. Default: view.length - offset.

Copies the underlying memory of view into a new Buffer.

const u16 = new Uint16Array([0, 0xffff]);
const buf = Buffer.copyBytesFrom(u16, 1, 1);
u16[1] = 0;
console.log(buf.length); // 2
console.log(buf[0]); // 255
console.log(buf[1]); // 255 copy

Static method: Buffer.from(array)#

• array <integer[]>

Allocates a new Buffer using an array of bytes in the range 0 – 255. Array entries outside that range will be truncated to fit into it.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Creates a new Buffer containing the UTF-8 bytes of the string 'buffer'.
const buf = Buffer.from([0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x65, 0x72]);const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Creates a new Buffer containing the UTF-8 bytes of the string 'buffer'.
const buf = Buffer.from([0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x65, 0x72]);copy

If array is an Array-like object (that is, one with a length property of type number), it is treated as if it is an array, unless it is a Buffer or a Uint8Array. This means all other TypedArray variants get treated as an Array. To create a Buffer from the bytes backing a TypedArray, use Buffer.copyBytesFrom().

A TypeError will be thrown if array is not an Array or another type appropriate for Buffer.from() variants.

Buffer.from(array) and Buffer.from(string) may also use the internal Buffer pool like Buffer.allocUnsafe() does.

Static method: Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset[, length]])#

• arrayBuffer <ArrayBuffer> | <SharedArrayBuffer> An ArrayBuffer, SharedArrayBuffer, for example the .buffer property of a TypedArray.
• byteOffset <integer> Index of first byte to expose. Default: 0.
• length <integer> Number of bytes to expose. Default: arrayBuffer.byteLength - byteOffset.

This creates a view of the ArrayBuffer without copying the underlying memory. For example, when passed a reference to the .buffer property of a TypedArray instance, the newly created Buffer will share the same allocated memory as the TypedArray's underlying ArrayBuffer.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Shares memory with `arr`.
const buf = Buffer.from(arr.buffer);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>

// Changing the original Uint16Array changes the Buffer also.
arr[1] = 6000;

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Shares memory with `arr`.
const buf = Buffer.from(arr.buffer);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>

// Changing the original Uint16Array changes the Buffer also.
arr[1] = 6000;

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>copy

The optional byteOffset and length arguments specify a memory range within the arrayBuffer that will be shared by the Buffer.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const ab = new ArrayBuffer(10);
const buf = Buffer.from(ab, 0, 2);

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 2const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const ab = new ArrayBuffer(10);
const buf = Buffer.from(ab, 0, 2);

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 2copy

A TypeError will be thrown if arrayBuffer is not an ArrayBuffer or a SharedArrayBuffer or another type appropriate for Buffer.from() variants.

It is important to remember that a backing ArrayBuffer can cover a range of memory that extends beyond the bounds of a TypedArray view. A new Buffer created using the buffer property of a TypedArray may extend beyond the range of the TypedArray:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const arrA = Uint8Array.from([0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66]); // 4 elements
const arrB = new Uint8Array(arrA.buffer, 1, 2); // 2 elements
console.log(arrA.buffer === arrB.buffer); // true

const buf = Buffer.from(arrB.buffer);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 63 64 65 66>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const arrA = Uint8Array.from([0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66]); // 4 elements
const arrB = new Uint8Array(arrA.buffer, 1, 2); // 2 elements
console.log(arrA.buffer === arrB.buffer); // true

const buf = Buffer.from(arrB.buffer);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 63 64 65 66>copy

Static method: Buffer.from(buffer)#

• buffer <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> An existing Buffer or Uint8Array from which to copy data.

Copies the passed buffer data onto a new Buffer instance.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from('buffer');
const buf2 = Buffer.from(buf1);

buf1[0] = 0x61;

console.log(buf1.toString());
// Prints: auffer
console.log(buf2.toString());
// Prints: bufferconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from('buffer');
const buf2 = Buffer.from(buf1);

buf1[0] = 0x61;

console.log(buf1.toString());
// Prints: auffer
console.log(buf2.toString());
// Prints: buffercopy

A TypeError will be thrown if buffer is not a Buffer or another type appropriate for Buffer.from() variants.

Static method: Buffer.from(object[, offsetOrEncoding[, length]])#

• object <Object> An object supporting Symbol.toPrimitive or valueOf().
• offsetOrEncoding <integer> | <string> A byte-offset or encoding.
• length <integer> A length.

For objects whose valueOf() function returns a value not strictly equal to object, returns Buffer.from(object.valueOf(), offsetOrEncoding, length).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from(new String('this is a test'));
// Prints: <Buffer 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 65 73 74>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from(new String('this is a test'));
// Prints: <Buffer 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 65 73 74>copy

For objects that support Symbol.toPrimitive, returns Buffer.from(object[Symbol.toPrimitive]('string'), offsetOrEncoding).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

class Foo {
  [Symbol.toPrimitive]() {
    return 'this is a test';
  }
}

const buf = Buffer.from(new Foo(), 'utf8');
// Prints: <Buffer 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 65 73 74>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

class Foo {
  [Symbol.toPrimitive]() {
    return 'this is a test';
  }
}

const buf = Buffer.from(new Foo(), 'utf8');
// Prints: <Buffer 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 65 73 74>copy

A TypeError will be thrown if object does not have the mentioned methods or is not of another type appropriate for Buffer.from() variants.

Static method: Buffer.from(string[, encoding])#

• string <string> A string to encode.
• encoding <string> The encoding of string. Default: 'utf8'.

Creates a new Buffer containing string. The encoding parameter identifies the character encoding to be used when converting string into bytes.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from('this is a tést');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('7468697320697320612074c3a97374', 'hex');

console.log(buf1.toString());
// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf2.toString());
// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf1.toString('latin1'));
// Prints: this is a téstconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from('this is a tést');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('7468697320697320612074c3a97374', 'hex');

console.log(buf1.toString());
// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf2.toString());
// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf1.toString('latin1'));
// Prints: this is a téstcopy

A TypeError will be thrown if string is not a string or another type appropriate for Buffer.from() variants.

Buffer.from(string) may also use the internal Buffer pool like Buffer.allocUnsafe() does.

Static method: Buffer.isBuffer(obj)#

• obj <Object>
• Returns: <boolean>

Returns true if obj is a Buffer, false otherwise.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

Buffer.isBuffer(Buffer.alloc(10)); // true
Buffer.isBuffer(Buffer.from('foo')); // true
Buffer.isBuffer('a string'); // false
Buffer.isBuffer([]); // false
Buffer.isBuffer(new Uint8Array(1024)); // falseconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

Buffer.isBuffer(Buffer.alloc(10)); // true
Buffer.isBuffer(Buffer.from('foo')); // true
Buffer.isBuffer('a string'); // false
Buffer.isBuffer([]); // false
Buffer.isBuffer(new Uint8Array(1024)); // falsecopy

Static method: Buffer.isEncoding(encoding)#

• encoding <string> A character encoding name to check.
• Returns: <boolean>

Returns true if encoding is the name of a supported character encoding, or false otherwise.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf8'));
// Prints: true

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('hex'));
// Prints: true

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf/8'));
// Prints: false

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding(''));
// Prints: falseconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf8'));
// Prints: true

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('hex'));
// Prints: true

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf/8'));
// Prints: false

console.log(Buffer.isEncoding(''));
// Prints: falsecopy

Class property: Buffer.poolSize#

• <integer> Default: 8192

This is the size (in bytes) of pre-allocated internal Buffer instances used for pooling. This value may be modified.

buf[index]#

• index <integer>

The index operator [index] can be used to get and set the octet at position index in buf. The values refer to individual bytes, so the legal value range is between 0x00 and 0xFF (hex) or 0 and 255 (decimal).

This operator is inherited from Uint8Array, so its behavior on out-of-bounds access is the same as Uint8Array. In other words, buf[index] returns undefined when index is negative or greater or equal to buf.length, and buf[index] = value does not modify the buffer if index is negative or >= buf.length.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Copy an ASCII string into a `Buffer` one byte at a time.
// (This only works for ASCII-only strings. In general, one should use
// `Buffer.from()` to perform this conversion.)

const str = 'Node.js';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(str.length);

for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
  buf[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
}

console.log(buf.toString('utf8'));
// Prints: Node.jsconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Copy an ASCII string into a `Buffer` one byte at a time.
// (This only works for ASCII-only strings. In general, one should use
// `Buffer.from()` to perform this conversion.)

const str = 'Node.js';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(str.length);

for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
  buf[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
}

console.log(buf.toString('utf8'));
// Prints: Node.jscopy

buf.buffer#

• <ArrayBuffer> The underlying ArrayBuffer object based on which this Buffer object is created.

This ArrayBuffer is not guaranteed to correspond exactly to the original Buffer. See the notes on buf.byteOffset for details.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const arrayBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(16);
const buffer = Buffer.from(arrayBuffer);

console.log(buffer.buffer === arrayBuffer);
// Prints: trueconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const arrayBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(16);
const buffer = Buffer.from(arrayBuffer);

console.log(buffer.buffer === arrayBuffer);
// Prints: truecopy

buf.byteOffset#

• <integer> The byteOffset of the Buffers underlying ArrayBuffer object.

When setting byteOffset in Buffer.from(ArrayBuffer, byteOffset, length), or sometimes when allocating a Buffer smaller than Buffer.poolSize, the buffer does not start from a zero offset on the underlying ArrayBuffer.

This can cause problems when accessing the underlying ArrayBuffer directly using buf.buffer, as other parts of the ArrayBuffer may be unrelated to the Buffer object itself.

A common issue when creating a TypedArray object that shares its memory with a Buffer is that in this case one needs to specify the byteOffset correctly:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Create a buffer smaller than `Buffer.poolSize`.
const nodeBuffer = Buffer.from([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);

// When casting the Node.js Buffer to an Int8Array, use the byteOffset
// to refer only to the part of `nodeBuffer.buffer` that contains the memory
// for `nodeBuffer`.
new Int8Array(nodeBuffer.buffer, nodeBuffer.byteOffset, nodeBuffer.length);const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Create a buffer smaller than `Buffer.poolSize`.
const nodeBuffer = Buffer.from([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);

// When casting the Node.js Buffer to an Int8Array, use the byteOffset
// to refer only to the part of `nodeBuffer.buffer` that contains the memory
// for `nodeBuffer`.
new Int8Array(nodeBuffer.buffer, nodeBuffer.byteOffset, nodeBuffer.length);copy

buf.compare(target[, targetStart[, targetEnd[, sourceStart[, sourceEnd]]]])#

• target <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> A Buffer or Uint8Array with which to compare buf.
• targetStart <integer> The offset within target at which to begin comparison. Default: 0.
• targetEnd <integer> The offset within target at which to end comparison (not inclusive). Default: target.length.
• sourceStart <integer> The offset within buf at which to begin comparison. Default: 0.
• sourceEnd <integer> The offset within buf at which to end comparison (not inclusive). Default: buf.length.
• Returns: <integer>

Compares buf with target and returns a number indicating whether buf comes before, after, or is the same as target in sort order. Comparison is based on the actual sequence of bytes in each Buffer.

• 0 is returned if target is the same as buf
• 1 is returned if target should come before buf when sorted.
• -1 is returned if target should come after buf when sorted.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('BCD');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');

console.log(buf1.compare(buf1));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf3));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf1));
// Prints: 1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf3));
// Prints: 1
console.log([buf1, buf2, buf3].sort(Buffer.compare));
// Prints: [ <Buffer 41 42 43>, <Buffer 41 42 43 44>, <Buffer 42 43 44> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf1, buf3, buf2].)const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('BCD');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');

console.log(buf1.compare(buf1));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf3));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf1));
// Prints: 1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf3));
// Prints: 1
console.log([buf1, buf2, buf3].sort(Buffer.compare));
// Prints: [ <Buffer 41 42 43>, <Buffer 41 42 43 44>, <Buffer 42 43 44> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf1, buf3, buf2].)copy

The optional targetStart, targetEnd, sourceStart, and sourceEnd arguments can be used to limit the comparison to specific ranges within target and buf respectively.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
const buf2 = Buffer.from([5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 9, 0, 4));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 0, 6, 4));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 6, 5));
// Prints: 1const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
const buf2 = Buffer.from([5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 9, 0, 4));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 0, 6, 4));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 6, 5));
// Prints: 1copy

ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE is thrown if targetStart < 0, sourceStart < 0, targetEnd > target.byteLength, or sourceEnd > source.byteLength.

buf.copy(target[, targetStart[, sourceStart[, sourceEnd]]])#

• target <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> A Buffer or Uint8Array to copy into.
• targetStart <integer> The offset within target at which to begin writing. Default: 0.
• sourceStart <integer> The offset within buf from which to begin copying. Default: 0.
• sourceEnd <integer> The offset within buf at which to stop copying (not inclusive). Default: buf.length.
• Returns: <integer> The number of bytes copied.

Copies data from a region of buf to a region in target, even if the target memory region overlaps with buf.

TypedArray.prototype.set() performs the same operation, and is available for all TypedArrays, including Node.js Buffers, although it takes different function arguments.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Create two `Buffer` instances.
const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
const buf2 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26).fill('!');

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

// Copy `buf1` bytes 16 through 19 into `buf2` starting at byte 8 of `buf2`.
buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);
// This is equivalent to:
// buf2.set(buf1.subarray(16, 20), 8);

console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));
// Prints: !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Create two `Buffer` instances.
const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
const buf2 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26).fill('!');

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

// Copy `buf1` bytes 16 through 19 into `buf2` starting at byte 8 of `buf2`.
buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);
// This is equivalent to:
// buf2.set(buf1.subarray(16, 20), 8);

console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));
// Prints: !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!copy

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Create a `Buffer` and copy data from one region to an overlapping region
// within the same `Buffer`.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf[i] = i + 97;
}

buf.copy(buf, 0, 4, 10);

console.log(buf.toString());
// Prints: efghijghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Create a `Buffer` and copy data from one region to an overlapping region
// within the same `Buffer`.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf[i] = i + 97;
}

buf.copy(buf, 0, 4, 10);

console.log(buf.toString());
// Prints: efghijghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzcopy

buf.entries()#

• Returns: <Iterator>

Creates and returns an iterator of [index, byte] pairs from the contents of buf.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Log the entire contents of a `Buffer`.

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

for (const pair of buf.entries()) {
  console.log(pair);
}
// Prints:
//   [0, 98]
//   [1, 117]
//   [2, 102]
//   [3, 102]
//   [4, 101]
//   [5, 114]const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Log the entire contents of a `Buffer`.

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

for (const pair of buf.entries()) {
  console.log(pair);
}
// Prints:
//   [0, 98]
//   [1, 117]
//   [2, 102]
//   [3, 102]
//   [4, 101]
//   [5, 114]copy

buf.equals(otherBuffer)#

• otherBuffer <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> A Buffer or Uint8Array with which to compare buf.
• Returns: <boolean>

Returns true if both buf and otherBuffer have exactly the same bytes, false otherwise. Equivalent to buf.compare(otherBuffer) === 0.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('414243', 'hex');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');

console.log(buf1.equals(buf2));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf1.equals(buf3));
// Prints: falseconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('414243', 'hex');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');

console.log(buf1.equals(buf2));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf1.equals(buf3));
// Prints: falsecopy

buf.fill(value[, offset[, end]][, encoding])#

• value <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <integer> The value with which to fill buf. Empty value (string, Uint8Array, Buffer) is coerced to 0.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to fill buf. Default: 0.
• end <integer> Where to stop filling buf (not inclusive). Default: buf.length.
• encoding <string> The encoding for value if value is a string. Default: 'utf8'.
• Returns: <Buffer> A reference to buf.

Fills buf with the specified value. If the offset and end are not given, the entire buf will be filled:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Fill a `Buffer` with the ASCII character 'h'.

const b = Buffer.allocUnsafe(50).fill('h');

console.log(b.toString());
// Prints: hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

// Fill a buffer with empty string
const c = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5).fill('');

console.log(c.fill(''));
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Fill a `Buffer` with the ASCII character 'h'.

const b = Buffer.allocUnsafe(50).fill('h');

console.log(b.toString());
// Prints: hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

// Fill a buffer with empty string
const c = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5).fill('');

console.log(c.fill(''));
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>copy

value is coerced to a uint32 value if it is not a string, Buffer, or integer. If the resulting integer is greater than 255 (decimal), buf will be filled with value & 255.

If the final write of a fill() operation falls on a multi-byte character, then only the bytes of that character that fit into buf are written:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Fill a `Buffer` with character that takes up two bytes in UTF-8.

console.log(Buffer.allocUnsafe(5).fill('\u0222'));
// Prints: <Buffer c8 a2 c8 a2 c8>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Fill a `Buffer` with character that takes up two bytes in UTF-8.

console.log(Buffer.allocUnsafe(5).fill('\u0222'));
// Prints: <Buffer c8 a2 c8 a2 c8>copy

If value contains invalid characters, it is truncated; if no valid fill data remains, an exception is thrown:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5);

console.log(buf.fill('a'));
// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>
console.log(buf.fill('aazz', 'hex'));
// Prints: <Buffer aa aa aa aa aa>
console.log(buf.fill('zz', 'hex'));
// Throws an exception.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5);

console.log(buf.fill('a'));
// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>
console.log(buf.fill('aazz', 'hex'));
// Prints: <Buffer aa aa aa aa aa>
console.log(buf.fill('zz', 'hex'));
// Throws an exception.copy

buf.includes(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])#

• value <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <integer> What to search for.
• byteOffset <integer> Where to begin searching in buf. If negative, then offset is calculated from the end of buf. Default: 0.
• encoding <string> If value is a string, this is its encoding. Default: 'utf8'.
• Returns: <boolean> true if value was found in buf, false otherwise.

Equivalent to buf.indexOf() !== -1.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');

console.log(buf.includes('this'));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('is'));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer')));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(97));
// Prints: true (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));
// Prints: false
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('this', 4));
// Prints: falseconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');

console.log(buf.includes('this'));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('is'));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer')));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(97));
// Prints: true (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));
// Prints: false
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('this', 4));
// Prints: falsecopy

buf.indexOf(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])#

• value <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <integer> What to search for.
• byteOffset <integer> Where to begin searching in buf. If negative, then offset is calculated from the end of buf. Default: 0.
• encoding <string> If value is a string, this is the encoding used to determine the binary representation of the string that will be searched for in buf. Default: 'utf8'.
• Returns: <integer> The index of the first occurrence of value in buf, or -1 if buf does not contain value.

If value is:

• a string, value is interpreted according to the character encoding in encoding.
• a Buffer or Uint8Array, value will be used in its entirety. To compare a partial Buffer, use buf.subarray.
• a number, value will be interpreted as an unsigned 8-bit integer value between 0 and 255.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');

console.log(buf.indexOf('this'));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.indexOf('is'));
// Prints: 2
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer')));
// Prints: 8
console.log(buf.indexOf(97));
// Prints: 8 (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));
// Prints: 8

const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'utf16le');

console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', 0, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 4
console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', -4, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 6const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');

console.log(buf.indexOf('this'));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.indexOf('is'));
// Prints: 2
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer')));
// Prints: 8
console.log(buf.indexOf(97));
// Prints: 8 (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));
// Prints: 8

const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'utf16le');

console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', 0, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 4
console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', -4, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 6copy

If value is not a string, number, or Buffer, this method will throw a TypeError. If value is a number, it will be coerced to a valid byte value, an integer between 0 and 255.

If byteOffset is not a number, it will be coerced to a number. If the result of coercion is NaN or 0, then the entire buffer will be searched. This behavior matches String.prototype.indexOf().

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const b = Buffer.from('abcdef');

// Passing a value that's a number, but not a valid byte.
// Prints: 2, equivalent to searching for 99 or 'c'.
console.log(b.indexOf(99.9));
console.log(b.indexOf(256 + 99));

// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to NaN or 0.
// Prints: 1, searching the whole buffer.
console.log(b.indexOf('b', undefined));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', {}));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', null));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', []));const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const b = Buffer.from('abcdef');

// Passing a value that's a number, but not a valid byte.
// Prints: 2, equivalent to searching for 99 or 'c'.
console.log(b.indexOf(99.9));
console.log(b.indexOf(256 + 99));

// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to NaN or 0.
// Prints: 1, searching the whole buffer.
console.log(b.indexOf('b', undefined));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', {}));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', null));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', []));copy

If value is an empty string or empty Buffer and byteOffset is less than buf.length, byteOffset will be returned. If value is empty and byteOffset is at least buf.length, buf.length will be returned.

buf.keys()#

• Returns: <Iterator>

Creates and returns an iterator of buf keys (indexes).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

for (const key of buf.keys()) {
  console.log(key);
}
// Prints:
//   0
//   1
//   2
//   3
//   4
//   5const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

for (const key of buf.keys()) {
  console.log(key);
}
// Prints:
//   0
//   1
//   2
//   3
//   4
//   5copy

buf.lastIndexOf(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])#

• value <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <integer> What to search for.
• byteOffset <integer> Where to begin searching in buf. If negative, then offset is calculated from the end of buf. Default: buf.length - 1.
• encoding <string> If value is a string, this is the encoding used to determine the binary representation of the string that will be searched for in buf. Default: 'utf8'.
• Returns: <integer> The index of the last occurrence of value in buf, or -1 if buf does not contain value.

Identical to buf.indexOf(), except the last occurrence of value is found rather than the first occurrence.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('this buffer is a buffer');

console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('this'));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer'));
// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('buffer')));
// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(97));
// Prints: 15 (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('yolo')));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 5));
// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 4));
// Prints: -1

const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'utf16le');

console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', undefined, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 6
console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', -5, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 4const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('this buffer is a buffer');

console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('this'));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer'));
// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('buffer')));
// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(97));
// Prints: 15 (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('yolo')));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 5));
// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 4));
// Prints: -1

const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'utf16le');

console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', undefined, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 6
console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', -5, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 4copy

If value is not a string, number, or Buffer, this method will throw a TypeError. If value is a number, it will be coerced to a valid byte value, an integer between 0 and 255.

If byteOffset is not a number, it will be coerced to a number. Any arguments that coerce to NaN, like {} or undefined, will search the whole buffer. This behavior matches String.prototype.lastIndexOf().

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const b = Buffer.from('abcdef');

// Passing a value that's a number, but not a valid byte.
// Prints: 2, equivalent to searching for 99 or 'c'.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf(99.9));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf(256 + 99));

// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to NaN.
// Prints: 1, searching the whole buffer.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', undefined));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', {}));

// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to 0.
// Prints: -1, equivalent to passing 0.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', null));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', []));const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const b = Buffer.from('abcdef');

// Passing a value that's a number, but not a valid byte.
// Prints: 2, equivalent to searching for 99 or 'c'.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf(99.9));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf(256 + 99));

// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to NaN.
// Prints: 1, searching the whole buffer.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', undefined));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', {}));

// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to 0.
// Prints: -1, equivalent to passing 0.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', null));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', []));copy

If value is an empty string or empty Buffer, byteOffset will be returned.

buf.length#

• <integer>

Returns the number of bytes in buf.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Create a `Buffer` and write a shorter string to it using UTF-8.

const buf = Buffer.alloc(1234);

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 1234

buf.write('some string', 0, 'utf8');

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 1234const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Create a `Buffer` and write a shorter string to it using UTF-8.

const buf = Buffer.alloc(1234);

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 1234

buf.write('some string', 0, 'utf8');

console.log(buf.length);
// Prints: 1234copy

buf.parent#

The buf.parent property is a deprecated alias for buf.buffer.

buf.readBigInt64BE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <bigint>

Reads a signed, big-endian 64-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

buf.readBigInt64LE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <bigint>

Reads a signed, little-endian 64-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

buf.readBigUInt64BE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <bigint>

Reads an unsigned, big-endian 64-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readBigUint64BE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);

console.log(buf.readBigUInt64BE(0));
// Prints: 4294967295nconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);

console.log(buf.readBigUInt64BE(0));
// Prints: 4294967295ncopy

buf.readBigUInt64LE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <bigint>

Reads an unsigned, little-endian 64-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readBigUint64LE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);

console.log(buf.readBigUInt64LE(0));
// Prints: 18446744069414584320nconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);

console.log(buf.readBigUInt64LE(0));
// Prints: 18446744069414584320ncopy

buf.readDoubleBE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <number>

Reads a 64-bit, big-endian double from buf at the specified offset.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

console.log(buf.readDoubleBE(0));
// Prints: 8.20788039913184e-304const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

console.log(buf.readDoubleBE(0));
// Prints: 8.20788039913184e-304copy

buf.readDoubleLE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <number>

Reads a 64-bit, little-endian double from buf at the specified offset.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(0));
// Prints: 5.447603722011605e-270
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(0));
// Prints: 5.447603722011605e-270
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readFloatBE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <number>

Reads a 32-bit, big-endian float from buf at the specified offset.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(buf.readFloatBE(0));
// Prints: 2.387939260590663e-38const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(buf.readFloatBE(0));
// Prints: 2.387939260590663e-38copy

buf.readFloatLE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <number>

Reads a 32-bit, little-endian float from buf at the specified offset.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(buf.readFloatLE(0));
// Prints: 1.539989614439558e-36
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);

console.log(buf.readFloatLE(0));
// Prints: 1.539989614439558e-36
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readInt8([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads a signed 8-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([-1, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt8(0));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.readInt8(1));
// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.readInt8(2));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([-1, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt8(0));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.readInt8(1));
// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.readInt8(2));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readInt16BE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads a signed, big-endian 16-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt16BE(0));
// Prints: 5const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt16BE(0));
// Prints: 5copy

buf.readInt16LE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads a signed, little-endian 16-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt16LE(0));
// Prints: 1280
console.log(buf.readInt16LE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt16LE(0));
// Prints: 1280
console.log(buf.readInt16LE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readInt32BE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads a signed, big-endian 32-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt32BE(0));
// Prints: 5const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt32BE(0));
// Prints: 5copy

buf.readInt32LE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads a signed, little-endian 32-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

Integers read from a Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt32LE(0));
// Prints: 83886080
console.log(buf.readInt32LE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);

console.log(buf.readInt32LE(0));
// Prints: 83886080
console.log(buf.readInt32LE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readIntBE(offset, byteLength)#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength.
• byteLength <integer> Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads byteLength number of bytes from buf at the specified offset and interprets the result as a big-endian, two's complement signed value supporting up to 48 bits of accuracy.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 0).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 0).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readIntLE(offset, byteLength)#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength.
• byteLength <integer> Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads byteLength number of bytes from buf at the specified offset and interprets the result as a little-endian, two's complement signed value supporting up to 48 bits of accuracy.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: -546f87a9cbeeconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: -546f87a9cbeecopy

buf.readUInt8([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads an unsigned 8-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readUint8 alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([1, -2]);

console.log(buf.readUInt8(0));
// Prints: 1
console.log(buf.readUInt8(1));
// Prints: 254
console.log(buf.readUInt8(2));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([1, -2]);

console.log(buf.readUInt8(0));
// Prints: 1
console.log(buf.readUInt8(1));
// Prints: 254
console.log(buf.readUInt8(2));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readUInt16BE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads an unsigned, big-endian 16-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readUint16BE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);

console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(1).toString(16));
// Prints: 3456const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);

console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(1).toString(16));
// Prints: 3456copy

buf.readUInt16LE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads an unsigned, little-endian 16-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readUint16LE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);

console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 3412
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(1).toString(16));
// Prints: 5634
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(2).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);

console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 3412
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(1).toString(16));
// Prints: 5634
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(2).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readUInt32BE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads an unsigned, big-endian 32-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readUint32BE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);

console.log(buf.readUInt32BE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 12345678const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);

console.log(buf.readUInt32BE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 12345678copy

buf.readUInt32LE([offset])#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads an unsigned, little-endian 32-bit integer from buf at the specified offset.

This function is also available under the readUint32LE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);

console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 78563412
console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(1).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);

console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 78563412
console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(1).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readUIntBE(offset, byteLength)#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength.
• byteLength <integer> Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads byteLength number of bytes from buf at the specified offset and interprets the result as an unsigned big-endian integer supporting up to 48 bits of accuracy.

This function is also available under the readUintBE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readUIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readUIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readUIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readUIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.copy

buf.readUIntLE(offset, byteLength)#

• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength.
• byteLength <integer> Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6.
• Returns: <integer>

Reads byteLength number of bytes from buf at the specified offset and interprets the result as an unsigned, little-endian integer supporting up to 48 bits of accuracy.

This function is also available under the readUintLE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readUIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: ab9078563412const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

console.log(buf.readUIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: ab9078563412copy

buf.subarray([start[, end]])#

• start <integer> Where the new Buffer will start. Default: 0.
• end <integer> Where the new Buffer will end (not inclusive). Default: buf.length.
• Returns: <Buffer>

Returns a new Buffer that references the same memory as the original, but offset and cropped by the start and end indexes.

Specifying end greater than buf.length will return the same result as that of end equal to buf.length.

This method is inherited from TypedArray.prototype.subarray().

Modifying the new Buffer slice will modify the memory in the original Buffer because the allocated memory of the two objects overlap.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

// Create a `Buffer` with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, and modify one byte
// from the original `Buffer`.

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

const buf2 = buf1.subarray(0, 3);

console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// Prints: abc

buf1[0] = 33;

console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// Prints: !bcconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

// Create a `Buffer` with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, and modify one byte
// from the original `Buffer`.

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

const buf2 = buf1.subarray(0, 3);

console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// Prints: abc

buf1[0] = 33;

console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// Prints: !bccopy

Specifying negative indexes causes the slice to be generated relative to the end of buf rather than the beginning.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

console.log(buf.subarray(-6, -1).toString());
// Prints: buffe
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(0, 5).)

console.log(buf.subarray(-6, -2).toString());
// Prints: buff
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(0, 4).)

console.log(buf.subarray(-5, -2).toString());
// Prints: uff
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(1, 4).)const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

console.log(buf.subarray(-6, -1).toString());
// Prints: buffe
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(0, 5).)

console.log(buf.subarray(-6, -2).toString());
// Prints: buff
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(0, 4).)

console.log(buf.subarray(-5, -2).toString());
// Prints: uff
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(1, 4).)copy

buf.slice([start[, end]])#

• start <integer> Where the new Buffer will start. Default: 0.
• end <integer> Where the new Buffer will end (not inclusive). Default: buf.length.
• Returns: <Buffer>

Returns a new Buffer that references the same memory as the original, but offset and cropped by the start and end indexes.

This method is not compatible with the Uint8Array.prototype.slice(), which is a superclass of Buffer. To copy the slice, use Uint8Array.prototype.slice().

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

const copiedBuf = Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call(buf);
copiedBuf[0]++;
console.log(copiedBuf.toString());
// Prints: cuffer

console.log(buf.toString());
// Prints: buffer

// With buf.slice(), the original buffer is modified.
const notReallyCopiedBuf = buf.slice();
notReallyCopiedBuf[0]++;
console.log(notReallyCopiedBuf.toString());
// Prints: cuffer
console.log(buf.toString());
// Also prints: cuffer (!)const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

const copiedBuf = Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call(buf);
copiedBuf[0]++;
console.log(copiedBuf.toString());
// Prints: cuffer

console.log(buf.toString());
// Prints: buffer

// With buf.slice(), the original buffer is modified.
const notReallyCopiedBuf = buf.slice();
notReallyCopiedBuf[0]++;
console.log(notReallyCopiedBuf.toString());
// Prints: cuffer
console.log(buf.toString());
// Also prints: cuffer (!)copy

buf.swap16()#

• Returns: <Buffer> A reference to buf.

Interprets buf as an array of unsigned 16-bit integers and swaps the byte order in-place. Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE if buf.length is not a multiple of 2.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>

buf1.swap16();

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 02 01 04 03 06 05 08 07>

const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

buf2.swap16();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>

buf1.swap16();

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 02 01 04 03 06 05 08 07>

const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

buf2.swap16();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.copy

One convenient use of buf.swap16() is to perform a fast in-place conversion between UTF-16 little-endian and UTF-16 big-endian:

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('This is little-endian UTF-16', 'utf16le');
buf.swap16(); // Convert to big-endian UTF-16 text.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('This is little-endian UTF-16', 'utf16le');
buf.swap16(); // Convert to big-endian UTF-16 text.copy

buf.swap32()#

• Returns: <Buffer> A reference to buf.

Interprets buf as an array of unsigned 32-bit integers and swaps the byte order in-place. Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE if buf.length is not a multiple of 4.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>

buf1.swap32();

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 04 03 02 01 08 07 06 05>

const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

buf2.swap32();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>

buf1.swap32();

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 04 03 02 01 08 07 06 05>

const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

buf2.swap32();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.copy

buf.swap64()#

• Returns: <Buffer> A reference to buf.

Interprets buf as an array of 64-bit numbers and swaps byte order in-place. Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE if buf.length is not a multiple of 8.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>

buf1.swap64();

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>

const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

buf2.swap64();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>

buf1.swap64();

console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>

const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

buf2.swap64();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.copy

buf.toJSON()#

• Returns: <Object>

Returns a JSON representation of buf. JSON.stringify() implicitly calls this function when stringifying a Buffer instance.

Buffer.from() accepts objects in the format returned from this method. In particular, Buffer.from(buf.toJSON()) works like Buffer.from(buf).

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5]);
const json = JSON.stringify(buf);

console.log(json);
// Prints: {"type":"Buffer","data":[1,2,3,4,5]}

const copy = JSON.parse(json, (key, value) => {
  return value && value.type === 'Buffer' ?
    Buffer.from(value) :
    value;
});

console.log(copy);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5]);
const json = JSON.stringify(buf);

console.log(json);
// Prints: {"type":"Buffer","data":[1,2,3,4,5]}

const copy = JSON.parse(json, (key, value) => {
  return value && value.type === 'Buffer' ?
    Buffer.from(value) :
    value;
});

console.log(copy);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05>copy

buf.toString([encoding[, start[, end]]])#

• encoding <string> The character encoding to use. Default: 'utf8'.
• start <integer> The byte offset to start decoding at. Default: 0.
• end <integer> The byte offset to stop decoding at (not inclusive). Default: buf.length.
• Returns: <string>

Decodes buf to a string according to the specified character encoding in encoding. start and end may be passed to decode only a subset of buf.

If encoding is 'utf8' and a byte sequence in the input is not valid UTF-8, then each invalid byte is replaced with the replacement character U+FFFD.

The maximum length of a string instance (in UTF-16 code units) is available as buffer.constants.MAX_STRING_LENGTH.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

console.log(buf1.toString('utf8'));
// Prints: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
console.log(buf1.toString('utf8', 0, 5));
// Prints: abcde

const buf2 = Buffer.from('tést');

console.log(buf2.toString('hex'));
// Prints: 74c3a97374
console.log(buf2.toString('utf8', 0, 3));
// Prints: té
console.log(buf2.toString(undefined, 0, 3));
// Prints: téconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

console.log(buf1.toString('utf8'));
// Prints: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
console.log(buf1.toString('utf8', 0, 5));
// Prints: abcde

const buf2 = Buffer.from('tést');

console.log(buf2.toString('hex'));
// Prints: 74c3a97374
console.log(buf2.toString('utf8', 0, 3));
// Prints: té
console.log(buf2.toString(undefined, 0, 3));
// Prints: técopy

buf.values()#

• Returns: <Iterator>

Creates and returns an iterator for buf values (bytes). This function is called automatically when a Buffer is used in a for..of statement.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

for (const value of buf.values()) {
  console.log(value);
}
// Prints:
//   98
//   117
//   102
//   102
//   101
//   114

for (const value of buf) {
  console.log(value);
}
// Prints:
//   98
//   117
//   102
//   102
//   101
//   114const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

for (const value of buf.values()) {
  console.log(value);
}
// Prints:
//   98
//   117
//   102
//   102
//   101
//   114

for (const value of buf) {
  console.log(value);
}
// Prints:
//   98
//   117
//   102
//   102
//   101
//   114copy

buf.write(string[, offset[, length]][, encoding])#

• string <string> String to write to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write string. Default: 0.
• length <integer> Maximum number of bytes to write (written bytes will not exceed buf.length - offset). Default: buf.length - offset.
• encoding <string> The character encoding of string. Default: 'utf8'.
• Returns: <integer> Number of bytes written.

Writes string to buf at offset according to the character encoding in encoding. The length parameter is the number of bytes to write. If buf did not contain enough space to fit the entire string, only part of string will be written. However, partially encoded characters will not be written.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.alloc(256);

const len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);

console.log(`${len} bytes: ${buf.toString('utf8', 0, len)}`);
// Prints: 12 bytes: ½ + ¼ = ¾

const buffer = Buffer.alloc(10);

const length = buffer.write('abcd', 8);

console.log(`${length} bytes: ${buffer.toString('utf8', 8, 10)}`);
// Prints: 2 bytes : abconst { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.alloc(256);

const len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);

console.log(`${len} bytes: ${buf.toString('utf8', 0, len)}`);
// Prints: 12 bytes: ½ + ¼ = ¾

const buffer = Buffer.alloc(10);

const length = buffer.write('abcd', 8);

console.log(`${length} bytes: ${buffer.toString('utf8', 8, 10)}`);
// Prints: 2 bytes : abcopy

buf.writeBigInt64BE(value[, offset])#

• value <bigint> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as big-endian.

value is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigInt64BE(0x0102030405060708n, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigInt64BE(0x0102030405060708n, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>copy

buf.writeBigInt64LE(value[, offset])#

• value <bigint> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as little-endian.

value is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigInt64LE(0x0102030405060708n, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigInt64LE(0x0102030405060708n, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>copy

buf.writeBigUInt64BE(value[, offset])#

• value <bigint> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as big-endian.

This function is also available under the writeBigUint64BE alias.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigUInt64BE(0xdecafafecacefaden, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de ca fa fe ca ce fa de>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigUInt64BE(0xdecafafecacefaden, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de ca fa fe ca ce fa de>copy

buf.writeBigUInt64LE(value[, offset])#

• value <bigint> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as little-endian

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigUInt64LE(0xdecafafecacefaden, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de fa ce ca fe fa ca de>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeBigUInt64LE(0xdecafafecacefaden, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de fa ce ca fe fa ca de>copy

This function is also available under the writeBigUint64LE alias.

buf.writeDoubleBE(value[, offset])#

• value <number> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as big-endian. The value must be a JavaScript number. Behavior is undefined when value is anything other than a JavaScript number.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeDoubleBE(123.456, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 40 5e dd 2f 1a 9f be 77>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeDoubleBE(123.456, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 40 5e dd 2f 1a 9f be 77>copy

buf.writeDoubleLE(value[, offset])#

• value <number> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as little-endian. The value must be a JavaScript number. Behavior is undefined when value is anything other than a JavaScript number.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeDoubleLE(123.456, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 77 be 9f 1a 2f dd 5e 40>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeDoubleLE(123.456, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 77 be 9f 1a 2f dd 5e 40>copy

buf.writeFloatBE(value[, offset])#

• value <number> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as big-endian. Behavior is undefined when value is anything other than a JavaScript number.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeFloatBE(0xcafebabe, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 4f 4a fe bb>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeFloatBE(0xcafebabe, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 4f 4a fe bb>copy

buf.writeFloatLE(value[, offset])#

• value <number> Number to be written to buf.
• offset <integer> Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4. Default: 0.
• Returns: <integer> offset plus the number of bytes written.

Writes value to buf at the specified offset as little-endian. Behavior is undefined when value is anything other than a JavaScript number.

import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeFloatLE(0xcafebabe, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer bb fe 4a 4f>const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeFloatLE(0xcafebabe, 0);

console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer bb fe 4a 4f>copy

buf.writeInt8(value[, offset])#